Dominant factors controlling hydrocarbon distribution are analyzed from three aspects: the types, structural units and structural belts of the foreland basins of central and western China. There are four types of foreland basins recognized in China, superimposed, reformed, presenile, and newly-generated foreland basins. Hydrocarbon distribution is different in the four types of basins and is controlled by their respective hydrocarbon accumulation conditions, characteristics and patterns. Thrust belts, foredeeps, slope belts, uplift belts, and other structural units are developed in foreland basins. The different controls of these structural units on source rock development and evolution, trap type, hydrocarbon accumulation process, and preservation condition, cause different characteristics of hydrocarbon distribution in different structural belts. The main hydrocarbon enriched structural units are foreland thrust belts, in which the structural styles, tectonic evolution and the preservation of regional cap-rock are the critical factors for hydrocarbon accumulation. The configuration of faults and cap rocks in thrust belts determines the features and enrichment regularity of hydrocarbon and indicates hydrocarbon enriched locations and favorable exploration targets in various structural belts.

This paper aims to analyze the tectonic framework of the Tarim Basin using regional tectonics. There is a large scale E-W fracture tectonic belt in the center of the Tarim basin, called the Central Tarim tectonic belt or the Central Tarim fracture belt whose geometric plane roughly corresponds to the Central uplift belt of the Tarim basin. Its eastern section extends to connect a group of large-scale near-vertical E-W ductile shear zones and fault zones in the Altyn Tagh orogenic complex, and its western section extends to intersect the binding sites of the West Kunlun orogenic belt and South Tianshan orogenic belt. Regarding its profile, it presents a back-thrust (anticlinal thrust) fracture combination whose formation began in the Early Paleozoic period and whose intense activities continued until after the Triassic Period. The fracture belt, which comprises natural features caused by the geographic thrusting, slipping and vertical squeezing, includes the major oil-bearing zones of the Tarim basin. The E-W highly positive anomaly zone, located roughly at latitude 39 degrees 30' similar to 40, is a large-scale E-W tectonic complex rock zone formed with a crystalline basement and represented by basic granulites, mafic dykes, and granite rocks, as well as superimposed with a Late-Proterozoic-Early Paleozoic active continental margin magmatic arc. The areas from the foreland basin of South Tarim to the Central Tarim fracture belt (the Central uplift belt of Tarim) is distinguished by the basic characteristics of an E-W tectono-magmatic belt, and superimposed with NEE faulted structure(fault rifts and fault sags), whose fracture assemblages are analogous to the fracture assemblages of South Altyn terrene at the south of the Central Altyn fault. The range from the north of the Central Tarim fracture belt to the foreland basin of the northern Tarim is a region characterized by a long-term down-warping. The conjunction belt at the West Kunlun-Tarim basin is manifested as the northward thrust faulting of the West Kunlun Mountains, the intense compression of its piedmont zone, and the sharp subsidence of the foreland basin of South Tarim. On the other hand, the conjunction belt at the West Tianshan Mountains-Tarim basin is manifested as the southward thrust faulting of the South Tianshan Mountains and uplifting at the back of the foreland basin of the northern Tarim, due to the strong northward subduction of Tarim massif against the orogenic complex of Tianshan Mountains. In its present state, the Tarim basin is featured by complex tectonic stress bearing the extrusion towards the basin space, squeezed by both north and south sides, sinistral strike-slip at the east, and dextral strike-slip at the west. Therefore, the formation of the current tectonic framework of Tarim basin is basically result of the four different types of tectonic stress fields mentioned above, which have attached multiple, intense transformations and superpositions against the pre-existing E-W directional tectonic texture.

以区域构造背景为基础,分析塔里木盆地的基本构造格架是本文的主要宗旨。塔里木盆地中部存在一规模较大的近于E-W向的构造带,谓中塔里木构造带或中塔里木断裂带,平面上它大致和塔里木中央隆起带相对应,东延,和阿尔金造山复合体的一组规模较大的、近于直立的E-W向韧性剪切带和断裂带相连,西延,插入西昆仑造山带和南天山造山带的结合部位。在剖面上具有背冲式(断背状)断裂组合,其形成始于早古生代,强烈活动期在三叠纪后。断裂带具有逆冲、走滑和垂向挤出性质,是目前塔里木盆地的主要含油带。中塔里木断裂带和塔中隆起带属于同一动力学系统中不同构造阶段的产物,在空间上是互为一体的,在早古生代为一强烈坳陷带,晚古生代以后逐渐转化为隆起带。大致位于北纬39°30'~40°的E-W向高正磁异常带,为一以基性麻粒岩为代表的结晶基底、基性岩墙和花岗质类岩石,并叠加晚元古-早古生代活动陆缘岩浆弧的大型东西向构造杂岩带。中塔里木断裂带(塔中隆起带)以南至塔南前陆盆地的塔南地区,以E-W向构造岩浆岩带上叠NEE向断裂构造(断隆和断凹)为基本特征,其断裂组合完全可以与南阿尔金断裂以南的南阿尔金地体的断裂组合相类比。中塔里木断裂带以北至塔北前陆盆地的塔北地区以长期坳陷为特征。西昆仑-塔里木盆地盆山结合带表现为西昆仑山体的北向逆冲推覆和山前带的强烈挤压及塔南前陆盆地的急剧沉降,而西天山-塔里木盆地盆山结合带则表现为由于塔里木地块向天山复合造山体的强烈北向俯冲导致的南天山的南向逆冲推覆和塔北(前陆盆地后的)隆起。塔里木盆地处于南北两侧向盆地挤压、东侧左旋走滑和西侧右旋走滑的复杂构造应力状态,塔里木盆地现今构造格局的形成基本上是上述4类不同性质的构造应力场对先存的E-W向构造经多次强烈改造、叠加的结果。

In 1945, Mr. Huang Jiqing suggested using the term Himalayan movement to describe the Cenozoic orogenic movement in China. This concept has widely been accepted by the geoscientists. However, disagreements still exist regarding the episodes and geodynamic setting of tectonic movements. Based on analysis of basic concepts suggested previously, and in combination with various data, including geology, geomorphology, magmatic activities and structural deformation, it is proposed that Himalayan movement can be divided into early, middle and late episodes, which are corresponding respectively to tectonic activities in late Eocene, between Paleogene and Neogene, and between Noegene and Quaternary. Collision of Indian and Eurasia plates and continuous compression led to strong compression, shortening and uplifting of Qinghai Tibet Plateau including its southeastern and northern margins. East ward compression of East Asia continent, uplifting of deep lithosphere and back arc spreading resulted in extensional rifting in eastern China and its peri Pacific zone.

黄汲清先生于1945年提出用喜马拉雅运动表示中国境内新生代的造山运动。这一概念为地球科学家普遍接受,但在构造运动分期与地球动力学背景的认识上存在分歧。在对前人的基本观点进行分析的基础上,结合地质地貌、岩浆活动、构造变形等大量资料,提出喜马拉雅运动可以分为早、中、晚三期,分别对应于始新世晚期、古近纪与新近纪之间、新近纪与第四纪之间的构造活动。印度与欧亚的碰撞及其持续挤压作用导致了青藏高原及其东南缘与北缘强烈挤压缩短与隆升,东亚大陆向东挤出、深部岩石圈隆升与弧后扩张作用导致了中国东部及其滨太平洋带的伸展裂陷作用。

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the poly-phase differential movement and deformation mechanisms of the fault structures of the Tarim Basin. Based on the seismic profile interpretation, comprehensive analysis of the drilling and geologic data as well as compiling the fault system figures of the different stages, it is indicated that the main tectonic stages controlling the formation and evolution of the fault structures in the Tarim Basin are Early Caledonian, Middle Caledonian, Late Caledonian-Early Hercynian, Late Hercynian, Indosinian, Yanshanian, and Himalayan. During the Early Caledonian, the fault movement was controlled by extensional regime and formed a series of normal faults along the pre-existing basement fault belts. During the Middle Caledonian and Late Caledonian-Early Hercynian, it is characterized by thrust faults, mainly distributed in the east Tarim, middle Tarim, Tangubasi, Bachu and Maigaiti regions. It is also characterized by thrusting during the Late Hercynian, and migrates from middle Tarim, Tangubasi, east Mazhatag which the fault movement is intense in the early stages to the north Tarim uplift and east Tarim. A series of fault belts formed in the foreland area during the Indosinian, Yanshanian, and Himalayan, originated a lot of imbricated thrust faults, fold-thrust belts, duplex structures and salt-related structures. The fault structure undeveloped in the stable region of the basin such as the north Tarim uplift, middle Tarim uplift, Awati-Manjar depression during the Meso-Cenozoic. The fault deformation mechanisms during the Paleozoic may have a bearing upon regional tectonic regime change and tectonic transform, pre-existing basement fault zone, major regional unconformity, main detachment zone. The regional tectonic regime change and tectonic transform are mainly controlled by the time and intensity of the extension, subduction and closure at the peripheral oceanic basins during the Paleozoic. The preexisting basement fault zone or weak zone may control the later stage fault position and orientation. The major regional unconformity and main detachment zone may control the fault development and distribution horizons. The fault deformation mechanisms during the Meso-Cenozoic maybe related to the regional tectonic regime and tectonic position. The fault structures develop in the three environments of the foreland, stable and erosion regions during the Meso-Cenozoic. The fault structures undeveloped in the stable regions of the basin. The fault belts during the Meso-Cenozoic mainly develop in the foreland tectonic regime and are controlled by rapid intense rise of the peripheral orogenic belts, compression and thrusting, wrench-thrust or thrust-wrench, as well as the basin-mountain coupling at the Late Himalayan and detachment layers.

本文的目的是探讨塔里木盆地断裂构造分期差异活动过程及其变形机理。在地震剖面解释、钻井资料和地质资料综合分析的基础上,通过编制塔里木盆地不同时期断裂系统图,提出控制塔里木盆地断裂构造形成和演化主要构造活动期次为:加里东早期、加里东中期、加里东晚期-海西早期、海西晚期、印支期、燕山期和喜马拉雅期。加里东早期断裂活动受伸展环境制约,沿先存基底断裂带形成张性正断层。加里东中期、加里东晚期-海西早期断裂活动以逆冲作用为主,在塔东、塔中、塘古巴斯、巴楚和麦盖提地区最为发育。海西晚期断裂活动也是以逆冲作用为特征,并从早期断裂强烈活动的塔中、塘古巴斯、玛东等地区,迁移到塔北隆起和东部地区。印支、燕山和喜马拉雅期,前陆地区断裂构造发育,形成叠瓦冲断带、褶皱-冲断带、双重构造、盐相关构造等; 但在盆内稳定区,断裂构造不发育,活动性弱。古生代断裂构造发育分布的控制机理,主要与区域大地构造环境的变化和构造转换、先存基底断裂带、大型区域性不整合、滑脱带等要素密切相关。区域大地构造环境的变化和构造转换主要受控于塔里木周缘洋盆的伸展裂解、俯冲消减和洋盆闭合的时限和强度。先存基底断裂带或基底构造软弱带往往控制着后期断裂的发育位置和展布方向。大型区域性不整合和滑脱带控制着断裂构造的发育和分布层位。中、新生代断裂构造发育分布的控制机理,与区域大地构造环境及其构造转换、区域构造位置有关。中、新生代塔里木断裂构造主要分为三种环境,即前陆构造环境、盆内稳定区构造环境和隆升剥蚀区构造环境。盆内稳定区断裂构造不发育,活动性较弱。中、新生代断裂构造主体发育在前陆构造环境中,主要受控于周缘造山带强烈隆升、挤压冲断、走滑-逆冲或逆冲-走滑作用,同时与喜马拉雅晚期盆-山耦合作用及滑脱层的发育有关。

The Wushi-Wensu area is an important transfer zone of the southern Tianshan foreland thrust belt, and has large oil and gas resources. Using outcrop, remote satellite pictures, seismic profiles and gravity data, we built a structural model of this area, restored it’s evolutionary history, and further discussed it’s gas and oil formation process. The results show that the structural style transforms laterally, and the area is comprised of two units. The northern part, Wushi sag, is a contractive fault depres...

建立了乌什-温宿地区的地质结构模型,恢复了其新生代演化历史,探讨了油气远景。指出乌什-温宿地区由乌什凹陷和温宿凸起2个构造单元组成,乌什凹陷为具有挤压性质的断陷,温宿凸起为受基底卷入逆冲断裂控制的古隆起,构造样式侧向变化显著;该区新生代主要变形期为渐新世晚期-中新世早期和上新世-早更新世2期,水平挤压缩短量13～21km,缩短率14%～20%,平均变形速率0.56～0.9mm/a;受多旋回演化背景的控制,乌什-温宿地区形成多种有利的圈闭类型,具有早、晚两期成藏的特点。

By summarizing the research progress of shallow water delta and combining with the study of shallow delta of the Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin, this paper discussed the sedimentary characteristics of the shallow water delta.The results indicate that the basic conditions for development of shallow water delta include stable tectonic setting, large basin area, low relief of paleotopography, frequent changes of lake level, shallow water and abundant provenance supply.In general, shallow water delta deposition lacks the traditional characteristics of three-tier structure.There are differences between different types of shallow water delta sedimentary bodies.For example, shallow braided river delta features in coarse grained sediments, strong water energy, incomplete vertical facies sequence, and poor preservation of mouth bar.In contrast, mouth bar is common in shallow water meandering river delta.The case study of continental lake basin shows that the Yanchang Formation of Ordos Basin developed shallow water braided delta and shallow water meandering delta, which are characterized by small area of delta plain and widespread delta front zone.Its width-depth ratio of channel is large, the sediments are coarse, and it is common to find multiple superimposed erosion surfaces and large trough-shaped, wedge-shaped cross-bedding in plain distributary channel deposits.Delta front can extend more than one hundred kilometers and underwater distributary channels are characterized by lateral branches and bifurcate and vertical intermittent fining upwards rhythm.Moreover, the space-time evolution of shallow water delta sedimentary system in the study area is also discussed.

通过总结浅水三角洲的研究进展，结合鄂尔多斯盆地延长组浅水三角洲的研究，对浅水三角洲沉积特征进行讨论。结果表明：稳定的构造背景、盆地面积大、古地形坡度缓、湖平面频繁升降变化、水体浅及物源供给充分是浅水三角洲发育的基本条件；总体而言，浅水三角洲沉积缺少传统三角洲三层式结构特征，不同类型浅水三角洲沉积体存在差异，如浅水辫状河三角洲沉积物粒度粗，水体能量强，垂向上相序不完整，河口坝微相难于保存，而在浅水曲流河三角洲沉积体系中则河口坝砂较为常见。实例分析表明：鄂尔多斯盆地延长组下组合发育浅水辫状河三角洲和浅水曲流河三角洲两种类型，具有三角洲平原分布范围小、三角洲前缘分布广的特征。河道宽深比大，沉积物相对较粗，平原分流河道沉积中可见多次叠置的冲刷面构造和大型槽状、楔状交错层理等。三角洲前缘延伸远，长度可达一百多千米，水下分流河道在平面上多分支和分叉，垂向上多为间断正韵律。最后，讨论了研究区浅水三角洲沉积体系时空演化规律。

Shallow water deltas and central basin sandbodies in large lacustrine depression basins have become the most important target for the stratigraphic reservoirs exploration in China. Based on the analysis of typical lacustrine shallow water deltas in modern lakes and the study of lacustrine shallow water deltas and central basin sandbodies in the Meso Cenozoic large lacustrine depression basins in China, several recognizes have been obtained as following: (1) Based on the analysis of the geological settings for the shallow water deltas formation, nine types of lacustrine deltas have been classified according to the feeder systems, lake depth and delta front gradient; (2) Depositional model for shoal water profile river deltas has been established which presents the terminal distributary channels and terminal splays; (3) Controls for the large area shallow water deltaic sandbodies have been analyzed and the distribution model of shallow water deltas and central basin sands in open lacustrine depression basin has been established, and it is proposed that open lake is the most important basis for the development of large scale shallow water deltas in the basin center and outflow channels control the alignment of the central basin sandbodies; (4) Fluvial, delta, lake current and bottom density current are the main traction currents that formed sandbodies in the basin center, and flooding turbidite fans and slumping turbidite fans are the main sedimentary gravity deposits; (5) The third order sequence boundaries in the large shallow water deltas have great influence on the distribution of lithological or diagenetic traps, and superimposed sandbodies on the sequence boundary are abundant of lithological reservoirs in the delta plains which show the great potential for oil and gas exploration. These understandings are helpful to the development of lacustrine sedimentology and the exploration of stratigraphic reservoirs in large lacustrine depression basins.

大型敞流坳陷湖盆浅水三角洲及湖盆中心砂体已成为中国陆相盆地岩性油气藏最重要的勘探目标。通过对现代典型湖盆浅水三角洲的深入分析，结合我国中、新生代大型坳陷湖盆浅水三角洲及湖盆中心砂体的地质研究，取得以下主要进展与认识：①在分析浅水三角洲形成地质背景的基础上，按照供源体系、湖水深度及三角洲前缘倾斜坡度将湖盆三角洲分为9种成因 结构类型；②建立了毯式浅水曲流河三角洲的沉积模式，指出末端分流河道及末端决口扇是浅水曲流河三角洲的典型微相类型；③分析了浅水三角洲砂体大面积分布的形成条件，指出敞流湖盆是湖盆中心浅水三角洲砂体发育的重要条件，敞流通道对湖盆中心砂体分布有重要控制作用；④湖盆中心发育河流、三角洲、湖流及密度底流砂体等牵引流成因砂体，也发育洪水浊积扇及滑塌浊积扇等重力流成因砂体；⑤大型浅水三角洲体系三级层序界面对岩性（成岩）圈闭的发育有重要控制作用，三角洲平原带层序界面上覆叠置砂体富集岩性油气藏，勘探潜力大。本文研究成果希对坳陷湖盆沉积学研究及岩性油气藏勘探能有推动作用。

Great exploration potential in Wushi Sag has been revealed by the successive breakthroughs in Wells of Wucan1,Shenmu1 and Shenmu2.By using gas chromatographs of saturated and light hydrocarbons,we comprehensively studied the geochemical characteristics of the oils in the Wushi Sag and compared them with typical terrestrial and lacustrine (marine) oils in other parts of the Tarim Basin.The pristane/phytane ratio in the Shenmu2 and Wucan1 Wells is 2.35 and 3.53,respectively,obviously demonstrating that it is of coal-derived origin.The oils in the Wushi Sag has a relatively high content of aromatics(benzene and toluene),methylcyclohexane and cyclohexane while a low content of cyclopentane and acyclic hydrocarbons,indicating that a great contribution from the terringenous organic matters was made.The thermal maturity of the oils in the Wushi Sag is at the early period of the high-mature stage with the heptane index ranging from 25.0% to 27.6% and the isoheptane index ranging from 2.5% to 2.7%,respectively.Water washing and biodegradation of oils in the Wushi Sag were not observed.The oils in the study area have obviously experienced the evaporative fraction,resulting in the increase of aromatics and the decrease in n-alkanes.By means of Oil Correlation Star Diagram(OCSD）and the Triangular diagrams of C 7 hydrocarbon，the oils in Wushi Sag was derived from humic organic matters,the same as those in the Dina2 gas-condensates field,which were distinctively different from the lacustrine and marine oils in the Kelasu structure and Tazhong1 Gasfield.From all geochemical features above,it is concluded that the oils in the Wushi Sag were derived from the Jurassic coal measures.

塔里木盆地乌什凹陷乌参1井、神木1井和神木2井的相继突破，揭示了该区具有广阔的油气勘探前景。通过饱和烃和轻烃气相色谱对乌什凹陷原油地球化学特征进行了全面的分析，并与塔里木盆地典型的陆相原油和湖(海）相原油进行了对比。神木2井和乌参1井原油Pr/Ph值分别为2.35和3.53，表现出典型的煤成烃特征。乌什凹陷原油具有相对较高的芳烃(苯和甲苯）、甲基环己烷和环己烷含量，而环戊烷和无环烃类相对含量较低，说明陆源有机质贡献较大。乌什凹陷原油庚烷指数介于25.0%~27.6%之间，异庚烷指数介于2.5%~2.7%之间，处在高成熟早期阶段。乌什凹陷原油未经历水洗和生物降解作用，但发生了较为明显的蒸发分馏作用，导致轻烃组分中芳烃含量增加，而正构烷烃含量减少。通过OCSD—C 7 轻烃星状图和C 7 轻烃系统三角图分析，乌什凹陷原油和迪那2气田凝析油同属于陆相原油，来源于腐殖型有机质，和克拉苏构造带及塔中1气田来源于腐泥型有机质的湖(海）相原油存在明显差别。综合上述分析，乌什凹陷原油主要为来自于侏罗系煤系烃源岩的煤成油。

Abstract Affected by the South Tianshan orogenesis, the faulted structure patterns in the Wushi Sag are very complex. Aimed to find out the basic characteristics of the structures, this article studies many seismic profile sections, the regional geology, the structural patterns, and the formative stage of the structures. The Wushi Sag has three main fault patterns (face to face thrust, back to back thrust, sphenoid thrust), and many local fault structural patterns (fault-bend fold, fault-propagation fold, duplex structure, outburst structure, growth structure, etc.). There mainly develop four groups of reverse faults (NE, NEE, NW, EW) and one group of NNW trending strike-slip faults. According to the structural background, seismic profiles, and balanced cross sections, the main fault in the studied area experiences at least five evolving stages, which are, pre-Mesozoic, late Permian – early Tertiary, Jurassic, late Jurassic – early Cretaceous, and late Neogene. The structural styles have a close relationship with source rocks, hydrocarbon reservoirs, and the character and distribution of petroleum systems.

The Yilake condensate gas reservoir and Shenmu-1 oil reservoir are structural-lithologic reservoirs in the east of Wushi Sag,Kuqa foreland basin.The sedimentary facies and physical properties of the Cretaceous Shushanhe Formation had a very fast change,and the distribution of oil,gas and water is very complex.The controlling factors of reservoir physical properties and oiliness are unclear,which were analyzed in this paper,based on conventional reservoir physical property analysis,micro pore throat analysis by Nitrogen Adsorption and Mercury Injection experiment,and the oiliness analysis by Quantitative Fluorescence Technique.The result shows that reservoir sedimentary facies and lithology are the key factors to control reservoir physical properties.Themouth bars,distributary channelsin fan delta front and braided delta front deposits are better than other sedimentary facies.The gritstone and medium-grained sandstone in fan delta front have the best physical properties.The study area has no native source rock,hydrocarbon migrates a long distance from the east Talake area to Wushen area through the unconformity-fault pathway combination,so there are two factors controlling the oiliness of reservoirs.One is the fault that controls oil and gas migration,hydrocarbon accumulate in the local high positions near fault;the other is the physical property of reservoir,in the same sand sets reservoir physical property controls the oiliness.The favorable structural-lithologic traps are the next exploration direction to the east of Wushi Sag,the direction to petroleum sources.Meticulous depiction of local structure map and sand body is the key for the exploration and development in the study area.

库车前陆盆地乌什凹陷东部依拉克凝析气藏和神木1油藏为构造—岩性油气藏，白垩系舒善河组储层沉积相及物性变化快，油气水关系复杂，储层物性和含油性控制因素不清。根据常规储层物性分析、基于高压压汞和氮气吸附的微观孔喉分析和储层定量荧光对含油性的定量分析结果，对储层物性和含油性的主控因素进行了分析。研究表明:储层沉积相、岩性是控制储层物性的关键因素，沉积相上以扇三角洲前缘河口坝微相、分流河道微相和辫状河三角洲前缘分流河道微相的储层物性最好，岩性上以位于扇三角洲前缘亚相的粗、中砂岩储层物性最好。研究区本地无烃源岩，油气从东部的塔拉克地区经不整合面—断裂输导体系组合长距离运移至乌什地区，储层含油性一方面受沟通油气源的断裂控制，油气主要聚集在断裂附近的局部高部位;另一方面受储层物性的控制，在油气藏内部同一砂组范围内储层物性控制了含油性差异。往研究区东部即油气来源的方向，寻找有利的构造—岩性圈闭是该区下一步的勘探方向，加强目的层构造图和砂体沉积相的精细刻画是该区勘探开发研究的关键。