1990—2018年长沙市土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响

引用本文

彭毅, 王远超, 高阳. 1990—2018年长沙市土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响[J].中国地质调查, 2021,8(3): 72-80.
PENG Yi, WANG Yuanchao, GAO Yang. Impact of land use change on ecosystem service value in Changsha City from 1990 to 2018[J].Geological Survey of China, 2021,8(3): 72-80. 复制到剪切板

doi: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2021.03.09

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1990—2018年长沙市土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响

彭毅¹, 王远超², 高阳^3,⁴

1.中国地质调查局长沙自然资源综合调查中心,湖南长沙 410000

2.中国地质调查局应用地质研究中心,四川成都 610036

3.中国农业大学土地科学与技术学院,北京 100193

4.自然资源部农用地质量与监控重点实验室,北京 100193

通信作者简介: 高阳(1985—),女,副教授,主要从事土地利用/覆盖变化、生态系统服务方面研究。Email: yanggao@cau.edu.cn。

第一作者简介: 彭毅(1988—),男,助理工程师,主要从事生态地质调查方面研究。Email: zrzy_py@163.com。

收稿日期: 2021-01-14 修回日期: 2021-03-15

基金资助: 中国地质调查局“重点地区地下水流场调查(编号: DD20211557)”项目资助

摘要

评估生态系统服务价值(Ecosystem Service Values,ESV)有利于衡量生态系统服务供给潜力和生态效益的大小,对城市生态规划与土地利用管控起到重要的支撑作用。选择长沙市为研究区域,基于1990、2000、2010和2018年4期土地利用现状遥感监测数据集,利用ArcGIS软件和经本地化校正的当量因子法,分析1990—2018年间的土地利用变化特征,并探讨土地利用变化对ESV的影响。结果表明: ①1990—2018年长沙市土地利用变化轨迹以耕地→林地互相转化以及建设用地对耕地、林地的侵占为主; ②1990—2018年长沙市的ESV共减少53.17×10⁸ 元,降幅3.59%,除水域外各类ESV均呈下降趋势,林地和耕地服务价值减少最明显; ③在各单项服务功能中,水文调节的价值最大,其次是气候调节,两者之和占总价值的54%; ④“退耕还林”“退田还湖”“兴工强市”等政策引起的土地利用变化势必对ESV造成影响,城市快速扩张、土地开发会导致ESV不断下降。综合分析认为,在调整研究区土地利用结构、优化土地配置时应充分重视水域、林地等生态系统服务价值较高的土地利用类型,减缓ESV的下降趋势。

关键词: 生态系统服务价值(ESV); 土地利用; 长沙市; 当量因子

中图分类号:TP79;P962;F301.2;F293.2 文献标志码:A 文章编号:2095-8706(2021)03-0072-09

Impact of land use change on ecosystem service value in Changsha City from 1990 to 2018

PENG Yi¹, WANG Yuanchao², GAO Yang^3,⁴

1. Changsha Natural Resources Comprehensive Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Hunan Changsha 410000, China

2. Applied Geological Research Center, China Geological Survey, Sichuan Chengdu 610036, China

3. College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China

4. Key Laboratory of Agricultural Land Quality and Monitoring, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100193, China

Abstract

The evaluation of ecosystem service value is conducive to measuring the supply potential of ecosystem service and the ecological benefit, which can provide important references for city ecological planning and land use management. Based on the remote sensing data of 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2018, the authors in this paper have taken Changsha as a study case to analyze the land use change from 1990 to 2018 and discussed the impact of land use change on ecosystem service value, by ArcGIS and equivalent factor methods with localization correction. The results are as follcws. ① The land use trajectories in Changsha are mainly the conversion of cultivated land and woodland, and the encroachment of cultivated land and woodland by construction land from 1990 to 2018. ② The ecosystem service value in Changsha decreased by 5.317 billion yuan, with the decreasing rate of 3.59% from 1990 to 2018. Except the water area, the value of all the ecosystem service showed a downward trend, especially in the cultivated land and woodland. ③ Hydrological regulation and climate regulation were the top two service functions with high service value, contributing about 54% of the total service value. ④ A series of policies such as Returning Farmland to Forest, Returning Farmland to Lakes and Strengthening Industry to Strengthen City have brought a remarkable impact on ESV, and the urban expansion and land development would lead to declining ESV. It is necessary to pay more attention to the land use types with higher ecosystem service value such as water area and woodland. Adjusting the land use structure and optimizing land allocation in the study area can mitigate the downtrend of ESV in these areas.

Keyword: Ecosystem Service Value(ESV); land use; Changsha City; equivalent factor

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0 引言

生态系统服务是指在生态系统与生态过程中形成并维持的、人类赖以生存的自然环境条件与效用^{[1, 2, 3]}。土地是各类生态系统的载体, 土地利用/覆盖变化会直接影响生态系统的结构和功能^{[4, 5, 6]}, 对维持生态系统功能起着决定性作用^{[7, 8]}。量化研究生态系统服务价值(Ecosystem Service Values, ESV)有利于衡量生态系统服务供给潜力和生态效益大小, 促进土地利用优化管控^{[9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]}。

1997年, Costanza等^[15]首次对全球ESV进行了评估, 得出全球陆地生态系统平均每年的服务价值约为12万亿美元, 以湿地和森林的服务价值为主, 分别占比40%和38%。国内学者中, 谢高地等^[16]较早开展了ESV相关研究, 并于2008年在Costanza等^[15]研究的基础上提出了一种适合中国国情的ESV量化方法^[17], 在2015年进一步构建了基于单位面积价值当量因子法的中国陆地ESV的动态评估方法^{[18, 19]}。这一方法被广泛应用于不同尺度生态系统的价值评估^{[20, 21, 22, 23]}。其中, 研究土地利用变化下区域ESV的变化对了解土地利用变化下的生态环境效应以及促进生态环境可持续发展具有重要意义。伍星等^[24]分析了土地利用变化对长江上游ESV的影响, 结果表明快速城市化和以经济利益为目的的发展模式给生态系统服务功能和可持续发展带来了巨大压力。熊鹰等^[25]探讨了湖南省的ESV时空格局及其动态演化, 结果表明长沙市及周边区域因建设用地比例较高, 为ESV低值区。

湖南省是我国内陆开放的经济中心和长江经济带的重要支撑^[26], 长沙市是长江中游城市群的核心城市, 是中部崛起战略的重要支点。改革开放以来, 长沙市进入快速工业化、城镇化发展阶段, 社会经济的发展及战略政策的实施导致该地区土地利用结构发生显著变化, 局部地区生态风险有持续恶化的趋势^[27]。本文基于ArcGIS软件及当量因子法, 分析了长沙市1990— 2018年间的土地利用变化, 并对生态系统服务当量因子进行本地化校正, 进而评估了长沙市生态系统服务空间差异及演化特征, 以期为长沙市土地利用优化配置和生态安全管控决策提供支撑。

1 研究区概况和数据来源

1.1 研究区概况

长沙市地处洞庭湖平原南端, 是我国重要的粮食生产基地, 全市下辖6个区、1个县, 代管2个县级市, 总面积11 819 km², 建成区567.32 km², 2018年常住人口城镇化率为79.12%。近年来, 随着国家中部崛起以及长江经济带发展等战略的实施, 长沙市经济社会发展步入快车道, 人口规模不断扩大, 对各用途建设用地的需求显著增加, 随之而来的水土流失、耕地侵占、湖泊萎缩、水质恶化等生态环境负效应不断加剧, 生态系统服务功能衰退风险加大^[28]。因此对长沙市进行ESV评估, 研究其时空演变趋势具有重要的现实意义。

1.2 数据来源

本文采用的1990、2000、2010和2018年4期土地利用遥感监测数据(30 m× 30 m)来源于中国科学院资源环境科学数据中心(http://www.resdc.cn), 借助ArcGIS软件将土地利用类型分为耕地、林地、草地、水域、建设用地和未利用土地6个一级类型及25个二级类型。社会、经济数据来自中国物价年鉴(1991— 2019年)、湖南省以及长沙市历年统计年鉴等。

2 技术方法

2.1 土地利用变化分析

2.1.1 土地利用类型动态度

土地利用类型动态度指的是研究区一定时间范围内土地利用类型的数量变化情况, 反映了人类活动对土地利用类型的影响程度^[29]。通过定量描述土地利用变化速度, 可以预测其发展趋势。土地利用类型动态度表达式为

$K = \frac{U_{b} - U_{a}}{U_{a}} \times \frac{1}{T} \times 100 %$ 。 (1)

式中: K为一定时间内某一土地利用类型动态度; U_a、U_b分别为研究初期和末期某土地利用类型的面积, hm²; T为时间, a。

2.1.2 土地利用变化动态轨迹

一个给定像元在一定时间段所发生的土地利用类型变化过程, 即构成其土地利用变化动态轨迹^[30]。借助ArcGIS软件的空间分析功能将1990— 2018年4期土地利用遥感影像合并, 从而建立像元尺度的土地利用变化动态轨迹。根据土地利用分类体系, 将耕地、林地、草地、水域、建设用地、未利用土地分别用代码1~6代替, 不同土地利用类型在1990— 2018年间的动态变化轨迹可用一个4位数编码表示, 例如编码“ 1221” 的轨迹代表“ 耕地(1990)→ 林地(2000)→ 林地(2010)→ 耕地(2018)。

2.2 ESV评估与分析

本文依据谢高地等^[18]提出的基于单位面积价值的当量因子法, 结合长沙市土地利用实际情况, 对各项生态系统服务功能当量进行本地化校正, 构建适合长沙市的ESV当量表(表1)。ESV当量因子的价值系数为该区域1 hm²耕地粮食产量市场价值的1/7^[21]。计算公式为

$V_{C 0} = \frac{1}{7} \times P \times \frac{1}{n} \overset{n}{\sum_{i = 1}} Q_{i}$ 。 (2)

式中: V_C0为ESV当量因子的价值系数, 元/hm²/a; P为全国平均粮食价格, 元/kg; Q_i为研究区平均粮食产量, kg/hm²; n为年份数。

ESV的计算公式为

$E_{SV} = \sum (A_{k} \times V_{C k})$ , (3)

$E_{SV f} = \sum (A_{k} \times V_{C fk})$ 。 (4)

式中: E_SV为生态系统服务价值; A_k是土地利用类型k的面积, hm²; V_C_k是土地利用类型k的生态系统服务系数, 元/hm²/a; ESV_f为生态系统第f单项服务功能价值; V_C_fk是土地利用类型k的第f项生态系统服务系数, 元/hm²/a。

表1 长沙市各土地利用类型单位面积ESV当量及校正 Tab.1 Ecosystem service equivalent value and corrections in per unit area of different land use types in Changsha City

3 结果与分析

3.1 长沙市土地利用类型变化特征

3.1.1 土地利用演化特征

本文基于土地利用遥感监测数据产品, 分析了长沙市土地利用的时空动态变化(图1)。1990— 2018年长沙市各土地利用类型的面积依次为: 林地> 耕地> 建设用地> 水域> 草地> 未利用土地(图2), 其中林地占比最高, 其次为耕地, 两者占土地利用总面积的比例达90%左右, 其他土地利用类型占比较少。

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	图1 1990— 2018年长沙市土地利用类型Fig.1 Land use types of Changsha City from 1990 to 2018

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	图2 1990— 2018年长沙市土地利用结构Fig.2 Land use structures of Changsha City from 1990 to 2018

1990— 2018年长沙市土地利用变化的总体趋势为耕地、林地、草地面积减少, 水域、建设用地、未利用土地面积增加, 区内各土地利用类型的变化率差异明显(表2), 未利用土地面积的变化率最大, 但基数较小; 其次是建设用地, 变化率达257.97%。从变化趋势上看, 建设用地不断增加, 林地和耕地呈减少趋势, 其他土地利用类型的变化存在波动。其中水域在1990— 2000年呈减少趋势, 之后开始增加并保持增长趋势; 草地在1990— 2000年呈增长趋势, 随后则处于减少趋势, 且减少幅度不断加大。

表2 1990— 2018年长沙市土地利用变化 Tab.2 Land use type changes of Changsha City from 1990 to 2018

3.1.2 土地利用动态度

根据1990— 2018年长沙市4个时期的土地利用遥感监测数据, 结合公式(1)计算各类土地利用动态度和综合土地利用动态度(表3)。总体上长沙市1990— 2018年间的综合土地利用动态度均为正值, 且变化较大, 主要受建设用地变化的影响。1990— 2000年, 长沙市的综合土地利用动态度较小, 仅为1.93%; 2000— 2010年, 随着城镇化进程的启动, 建设用地持续侵占耕地、林地、草地等, 综合土地利用动态度达到4.67%; 2010— 2018年, 随着城市扩张不断加快, 综合土地利用动态度高达11.20%。

表3 1990— 2018年长沙市各时段土地利用动态度 Tab.3 Land use dynamic degree of Changsha City from 1990 to 2018 (%)

3.1.3 土地利用变化轨迹分析

土地利用变化轨迹显示长沙市近30 a来的土地利用动态变化过程可分为稳定型、单一型和波动型3种(表4)。统计时, 稳定型选取稳定耕地、稳定林地、稳定草地、稳定水域和稳定建设用地等轨迹, 单一型和波动型分别选取面积占比前十的轨迹。

表4 土地利用变化轨迹统计 Tab.4 Statistical results of land use trajectories

(1)稳定型。在城市扩张过程中土地利用类型未发生变化的地块占总面积的78.47%, 超过长沙市1990— 2018年土地利用变化的20%。稳定型土地利用类型空间分布主要在城市远郊区及下属县(市)郊区, 这些区域受城镇化发展的影响相对较小(图3(a))。

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	图3 1990— 2018年土地利用变化轨迹的空间分布Fig.3 Spatial distribution of land use trajectories from 1990 to 2018

(2)单一型。城市扩张过程中土地利用类型发生过一次变化的地块占总面积的12.46%, 主要为耕地与林地的互相转移以及建设用地对耕地、林地的侵占。其中, 林地与耕地互相转移的占比较为接近, 且空间分布较为分散平均, 表明在一定时期内这种转移十分普遍, 指示了毁林开荒、过度砍伐与生态意识觉醒后植树造林、退耕还林等因素的叠加影响; 建设用地对耕地和林地的侵占主要分布在城市中心区域, 表明城市的扩张侵占了大量的林地和耕地(图3(b))。

(3)波动型。城市扩张过程中土地利用类型交替变化、极不稳定的地块占比为5.99%, 主要为耕地与林地的交替变化。此外, 还有耕地→ 林地→ 建筑用地、耕地→ 水域、林地→ 水域和林地→ 草地等类型的交替变化。其空间分布主要为城市建设开发十分活跃的快速城镇化区域, 这些区域受人类活动干扰较大, 土地利用类型不稳定(图3(c))。

3.2 长沙市ESV变化

3.2.1 总生态系统服务价值变化

1990— 2018年长沙市总生态系统服务价值呈减少趋势(表5)。这期间除水域和未利用土地的服务价值略有增加, 其余土地利用类型服务价值均有不同程度的减少。从ESV构成来看, 林地服务价值是ESV的主要来源, 其次是水域服务价值, 结合长沙市土地利用类型面积占比情况, 水域面积仅占比2%, 却贡献了超过10%的ESV。1990— 2018年长沙市ESV下降的主要原因是林地、耕地、草地服务价值的减少, 这3类土地服务价值的减少值是水域服务价值增加值的近20倍, 水域和未利用土地增加的服务价值远不及因林地、耕地、草地面积减少所损失的服务价值。

表5 1990— 2018年长沙市各类土地的ESV Tab.5 Changes of ESV of various land types in Changsha City from 1990 to 2018

3.2.2 各类生态服务价值变化特征

长沙市11类单项ESV所占比例的大小依次为: 水文调节> 气候调节> 土壤保持> 气体调节> 生物多样性> 净化环境> 美学景观> 食物生产> 原料生产> 维持养分循环> 水资源供给(表6)。其中水文调节的价值最大, 其次是气候调节, 其他占比较多的还有土壤保持、气体调节和生物多样性的价值, 排名前五的单项生态服务价值约占总ESV的83%。

表6 1990— 2018年长沙市各类ESV变化 Tab.6 ESV changes for each service function of Changsha City from 1990 to 2018

从表6可以看出, 1990— 2018年长沙市11类单项ESV中仅水资源供给的价值呈增加趋势, 其余10项均持续减少。其中, 食物生产和维持养分循环的价值下降较快, 主要是受耕地、林地、草地面积减少的影响; 水资源供给的价值有明显提升, 一方面由于水资源的供给随着水域面积扩张而增加, 另一方面则因为耕地面积的减少使水资源的消耗也相应降低。

3.3 政策因素对长沙市ESV的影响

国家和地方政府实施的一系列政策与规划对长沙市ESV的变化具有重要影响(图4)。1990— 2000年期间, 长沙市各类用地需求较少, 其综合土地利用动态度及ESV减少幅度较低。2000— 2010年是长沙市的快速发展期, 2000年湖南省启动“ 退耕还林” “ 退田还湖” 等生态修复工程, 在这些政策的影响下, 长沙市水域面积减少的趋势得到遏制并逐渐转为持续增长态势, 垦林开荒、乱砍乱伐现象也得到有效遏止。此外, 2001年长沙市提出实施“ 兴工强市” 战略, 全市工业化步入了加速发展时期, 各类建设用地需求激增, 导致综合土地利用动态度较大, ESV减少的幅度增大。2010— 2018年期间, 长沙市在工业化快速发展的同时加快了城市化进程, 城市建成区快速扩张, 建设用地成倍增加并不断侵占耕地、林地等, 导致综合土地利用动态度快速增加, ESV降低幅度再次加大。

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	图4 政策与规划对长沙市ESV的影响Fig.4 Policy and planning influence on ESV of Changsha City from 1990 to 2018

4 结论

本文基于土地利用现状的遥感数据, 利用ArcGIS软件和经本地化校正的当量因子法, 分析了长沙市1990— 2018年土地利用变化及其对ESV的影响, 研究结果可为长沙市调整土地结构、优化土地配置提供参考。主要结论如下:

(1)1990— 2018年长沙市土地利用变化显著, 总体趋势为: 林地、耕地、草地面积减少, 水域、建设用地、未利用土地的面积增加; 其中建设用地变化幅度最大且呈持续增长趋势, 变化率达257.97%; 林地和耕地持续减少; 其他土地利用类型呈波动变化, 不同时期各土地利用类型的变化幅度存在差异。

(2)1990— 2018年长沙市的ESV呈持续减少的趋势, 林地和水域的生态价值在长沙市ESV中起主导作用。ESV减少的主要原因是城市扩张导致林地、耕地面积的减少。生态系统各类服务功能中水文调节的价值最大; 后面依次是气候调节、土壤保持、气体调节和生物多样性; 排名前五的单项服务功能价值占总ESV的比例约为83%。

(3)城市快速扩张引起的土地利用变化势必会导致ESV不断下降, “ 退耕还林” “ 退田还湖” 等政策的实施可在一定程度上减缓ESV的下降趋势。在调整研究区土地结构, 优化土地配置时应充分重视水体、林地等ESV较高的土地利用类型。

需要说明的是, 本文采用的ESV当量因子主要基于湖南省统一修改系数。然而, 湖南省不同区域内生态系统差异较为明显, 长沙市作为快速工业化、城镇化的省会城市, 其生态系统质量与全省状况也存在差异, 因此采用此系数在一定程度上会影响ESV的评估精度。此外, 建设用地对生态系统服务的影响不容忽视^[31], 由于建设用地对大气、气候等环境因素的影响具有累积效应, 难以界定其影响范围和程度, 目前对建设用地ESV的评估方法尚不明确, 本文暂时未将建设用地ESV纳入评估体系。

(责任编辑: 魏昊明, 常艳)

参考文献

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1997

0.0

... 0 引言生态系统服务是指在生态系统与生态过程中形成并维持的、人类赖以生存的自然环境条件与效用^[1,2,3] ...

1977

0.0

... 0 引言生态系统服务是指在生态系统与生态过程中形成并维持的、人类赖以生存的自然环境条件与效用^[1,2,3] ...

2019

0.0

吕永龙, 王一超, 苑晶晶, 等. 可持续生态学[J]. 生态学报, 2019, 39(10): 3401-3415.

Lv Y

, Wang Y

, Yuan J

, et al. The ecology of sustainability: Progress and prospect[J]. Acta Ecol Sin, 2019, 39(10): 3401-3415.

The ecology of sustainability (or sustainability ecology) is an interdisciplinary discipline of natural science and social science, which is intended to harmonize nature and social development according to the principles and methods of ecology, or to incorporate humans and their social economic activities into the research framework of ecology. Great achievements have been made in research and applications of sustainability ecology over the past 40 years since the reform and opening-up policy was implemented in China. First, the theory of Social-Economic-Natural Complex Ecosystem (SENCE) was proposed. Second, an assessment index system of sustainable development was established based on national conditions of China. Third, the national strategy of sustainable development was implemented and pilot demonstrations in different temporal and spatial scales were carried out. Fourth, the theory and methods of regional ecological security pattern and regional ecological risk assessment of sustainable development were applied in urban and regional planning, and eco-compensation mechanism was built to promote the construction of ecological security pattern. Fifth, significant scientific support was provided for the formulation of guidelines and national planning of eco-civilization construction, which has promoted the implementation of eco-civilization construction strategy. Sixth, systematic research has been conducted on the impacts of global climate change on the ecosystems of China, and ecological adaptation options to climate change were proposed based on the scientific evaluation of the status, trends and impacts of climate change. Seventh, the construction of eco-province, eco-city and eco-county was strengthened at national and local levels, and sustainable communities, national sustainable development innovation demonstration zones, eco-agricultural demonstration counties, and eco-industrial parks were built at different levels and scales. Research progress in the ecology of sustainability was reviewed from three major aspects in this paper:macro-ecology and sustainable development, eco-city and sustainable development, and eco-industry and sustainable development. Along with time changes, priorities for the research of sustainability ecology will constantly be updated. Research focus in the near future will be the construction of eco-civilization, construction of eco-security pattern, implementation of the UN 2030 sustainable development goals, response and adaptation to global environmental change, and impacts of new-type urbanization and industrialization on the ecosystems.

可持续生态学系用生态学原理和方法解决自然与社会经济协调发展问题，或者说生态学不断将人类及其社会经济活动纳入研究范畴而形成的自然科学与社会科学的交叉学科。40年来，我国在可持续生态学研究和实践领域取得了丰硕的成果，一是提出了"社会-经济-自然"复合生态系统理论；二是构建了适应中国国情的可持续发展评价指标体系；三是推进实施了国家可持续发展战略，并在不同时空尺度进行了试点示范；四是将可持续发展的区域生态安全格局和生态风险管理理论与方法应用于城市与区域发展规划中，并利用生态补偿机制推进跨域的生态安全格局建设；五是为国家生态文明建设规划纲要的出台提供了重要的科学支撑，有力地推进了生态文明建设战略的实施；六是系统地研究了全球气候变化对中国生态系统的影响，科学评估了气候变化的现状、趋势及其影响，提出了气候变化的生态适应对策；七是不断推进国家和地方层面的生态省、生态市、生态县建设，创建了不同层次和规模的可持续发展实验区、国家可持续发展议程创新示范区、生态农业试点示范县、生态工业示范园区等。本文从宏观生态学与可持续发展、生态城市与可持续发展、生态产业与可持续发展三个方面评述可持续性生态学的研究进展。可持续生态学的重点研究内容随着时代发展而不断更新，生态文明建设、生态安全格局构建、落实联合国2030可持续发展目标、应对全球环境变化、新型城市化和工业化对生态系统的影响等是当前和未来一段时间的研究热点。

... 0 引言生态系统服务是指在生态系统与生态过程中形成并维持的、人类赖以生存的自然环境条件与效用^[1,2,3] ...

2016

0.0

... 土地是各类生态系统的载体,土地利用/覆盖变化会直接影响生态系统的结构和功能^[4,5,6],对维持生态系统功能起着决定性作用^[7,8] ...

2018

0.0

... 土地是各类生态系统的载体,土地利用/覆盖变化会直接影响生态系统的结构和功能^[4,5,6],对维持生态系统功能起着决定性作用^[7,8] ...

2019

0.0

... 土地是各类生态系统的载体,土地利用/覆盖变化会直接影响生态系统的结构和功能^[4,5,6],对维持生态系统功能起着决定性作用^[7,8] ...

2008

0.0

李乃康. 生态系统服务价值对土地利用变化的响应——以四川省内江市为例[J]. 生态经济, 2008(10): 45-48, 70.

Li N

. Response of ecosystem services value to land -use structure change—a case study in Neijiang City[J]. Ecol Econ, 2008(10): 45-48, 70.

本研究的目的为利用生态系统服务价值指标量化土地利用结构变化的生态效益,以此判断研究区当前的土地利用模式是否可持续.研究方法为生态系统服务功能的经济价值评估、环境经济学方法、灰色预测模型.研究结果显示,1996～2004年间,由于土地利用结构的变化,内江市的生态系统服务价值共损失4 335.26万元,同时,在假设内江市保持现状土地利用方式、资源消耗和污染排放水平不变的情况下,预计到2010年,内江市的生态系统服务价值将比2004年再减少96 829.18万元.研究结论:内江市生态系统服务价值的衰减主要由人工生态系统的扩张引起,因此编订科学的土地利用规划、优化土地利用结构已是当务之急.

... 土地是各类生态系统的载体,土地利用/覆盖变化会直接影响生态系统的结构和功能^[4,5,6],对维持生态系统功能起着决定性作用^[7,8] ...

2011

0.0

... 土地是各类生态系统的载体,土地利用/覆盖变化会直接影响生态系统的结构和功能^[4,5,6],对维持生态系统功能起着决定性作用^[7,8] ...

2015

0.0

谢高地, 张彩霞, 张昌顺, 等. 中国生态系统服务的价值[J]. 资源科学, 2015, 37(9): 1740-1746.

Xie G

, Zhang C

, et al. The value of ecosystem services in China[J]. Resour Sci, 2015, 37(9): 1740-1746.

Ecosystem services with an extremely high economic value impact human well-being significantly. The practices of ecological system asset management,ecological compensation,and paid use of ecological system assets are urging to fully evaluate ecosystem service value. In this paper,the economic values of 11 types of ecosystem services are accounted based on the expansion of labor value theory and using the method of equivalent value factor per unit ecosystem area. We found that the total value of ecosystem services in China is 38.10×10 12 CNY,of which,forest ecosystem services value account for 46.00%,followed by aquatorium and grass ecosystem service value accounting for 21.16% and 19.68%,respectively. In terms of the economic value derived from different types of ecosystem services,support services accounted for 71.31%,regulation services accounted for 19.01%,provision services accounted for 5.87% and cultural services for 3.81%. The value of ecosystem services vary seasonally during a year,the value of ecosystem services during May to September is higher; from October to April the value of ecosystem services is relatively low. The ecosystems per unit area in southern and northeastern China supply higher ecosystem services values; the overall trend of the spatial distribution of ecosystem services value per unit of ecosystem area is gradual reduction from southeast to northwest. With comparison between per capita ecosystem service value and per capita GDP in different regions of China in 2010,the per capita ecosystem service value in China is 2.84×10 4 CNY,close to per capita GDP,which fully demonstrates the relative scarcity of China's ecosystem service,especially in economically developed and densely populated areas.

Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China

生态系统服务有着极高甚至无法计量的价值，与人类福祉关系及其密切。充分评价生态系统服务价值现已成为生态系统资产化管理、生态补偿、生态服务有偿使用等政策执行的迫切需求。本文基于扩展的劳动价值论原理，主要采用单位面积生态系统价值当量因子的方法，对中国生态系统提供的11种生态服务类型价值进行核算，研究表明：①中国各种生态系统年提供总服务价值量为38.10万亿元。就生态系统而言，森林提供的总服务价值最高，占总价值的46.00%;其次是水域和草地，分别占总价值的21.16%和19.68%;②就生态系统服务类别而言，调节功能服务价值最高，占71.31%，支持服务占19.01%，供给服务占5.87%;文化服务占3.81%;③生态系统服务价值在年内随生长季节变化，中国生态系统在5-9月期间提供的生态服务价值较高，而在11-2月期间提供的生态服务价值较低;④生态系统服务单位面积价值最高的地区主要分布在南方和东北地区，在总体趋势上从东南向西北逐渐降低;⑤对中国不同地区人均生态服务价值和人均GDP进行对比发现，2010年中国人均生态价值量为2.84万元，人均GDP为2.99万元，总体而言中国人均GDP和人均生态服务价值接近1∶1，这表明中国生态系统服务价值相对社会经济价值的高度稀缺性，尤其在经济和人口密集的区域，这种相对稀缺性更为突出。

... 量化研究生态系统服务价值(Ecosystem Service Values,ESV)有利于衡量生态系统服务供给潜力和生态效益大小,促进土地利用优化管控^{[9,10,11,12,13,14]} ...

2011

0.0

王兵, 任晓旭, 胡文. 中国森林生态系统服务功能及其价值评估[J]. 林业科学, 2011, 47(2): 145-153.

Wang

, Ren X

, Hu

. Assessment of forest ecosystem services value in China[J]. Sci Silvae Sin, 2011, 47(2): 145-153.

Based on data of the seventh national investigation of forest resource and multiple-years consecutive observation by the long-term Ecological Research Station affiliated to the Chinese Forest Ecosystem Research Network (CFERN), the forest ecosystem services in China was evaluated by using the method of 《Specification for assessment of forest ecosystem service in China》(LY/T 1721—2008),which was published by State Forestry Administration in 2008. The results showed that the total value of the forest ecosystem services in China was 100 147.61×108yuan ·a -1 in 2009, and the value of the service functions of forest ecosystem was in an order of water conservation＞biodiversity protection＞C fixation and O2 generation＞soil conservation and fertility maintenance＞air purification＞nutriment accumulation. This research also assessed the value of forest ecosystem services in different provinces in China. The forests in southwest, northeast and south of China had relatively higher total valuation of forest ecosystem services. The forest ecosystem services in north China generally had higher total valuation than in the south. The value per unit area in the southern coastal areas was more than in the northwest and central region. This research could provide the scientific basis for the policy of sustainable development and the protection of forest resources.

Key Laboratory of Forest Ecological Environment of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection,CAF Beijing 100091

根据全国第7次(2005—2009年)森林资源清查资料和森林生态系统研究网路(CFERN)台站多年连续观测数据,应用由国家林业局2008年发布的《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》(LY/T 1721-2008)对2009年全国及各省级行政区森林生态系统服务功能进行价值评估。结果表明:2009年我国森林生态系统服务功能总价值为10.01万亿元 ·a -1 ; 各项森林生态系统服务功能价值表现为涵养水源＞生物多样性保护＞固碳释氧＞保育土壤＞净化大气环境＞积累营养物质; 森林生态系统服务总价值空间格局分布特点为:森林生态系统服务价值较大的区域主要分布在我国西南部地区(四川和云南)和东北地区(黑龙江和内蒙古)以及南部地区(广东、广西和福建),我国北方地区总价值普遍低于南方地区,东部地区普遍高于西部地区; 单位面积价值量较高的区域主要分布在南部沿海地区(海南、广东和广西),较低的区域主要分布在西北地区(甘肃、青海、宁夏和新疆)和中部地区(天津、北京和河南)。

... 量化研究生态系统服务价值(Ecosystem Service Values,ESV)有利于衡量生态系统服务供给潜力和生态效益大小,促进土地利用优化管控^{[9,10,11,12,13,14]} ...

2000

0.0

陈仲新, 张新时. 中国生态系统效益的价值[J]. 科学通报, 2000, 45(1): 17-22.

Chen Z

, Zhang X

. The value of ecosystem benefits in Chi-na[J]. Chin Sci Bull, 2000, 45(1): 17-22.

生态系统的功能与效益是地球生命支持系统的重要组成部分和社会与环境可持续发展的基本要素，对其进行价值评价是将其纳入社会经济体系与市场化的必要条件，也是使环境与生态系统保育引起社会重视的重要措施．参考Ｃｏｓｔａｎｚａ等人的分类方法与经济参数对中国生态系统功能与效益进行了价值估算．其中中国陆地生态系统的类型及其面积是根据１：４００００００中国植被图进行统计的，并据以绘制了中国陆地生态系统效益价值分布图．通过计算，我国生态系统效益的总价值是７７８３４．４８亿元人民币／年（以１９９４年人民币为基准，下同）．其中，陆地生态系统效益价值为５６０９８．４６亿元／年；海洋生态系统效益价值为２１７３６．０２亿元／年．与我国年生产总值（ＧＤＰ，１９９４年）４５００６亿元相比，中国生态系统效益价值为ＧＤＰ的１．７３倍．其中森林的生态效益价值为１５４３３．９８亿元／年，占全国年总效益价值的２７．５１％．湿地面积虽小，生态系统效益价值却甚高，可达２６７６３．９亿元／年．草地的生态系统效益价值为８６９７．６８亿元／年．近海海岸带的生态系统效益价值亦高达１２２２３．０４亿元／年．与全球相比，我国生态系统效益价值占全球的２．７１％．采用的计算方法与参数存在很多缺陷，得到的只是一个偏低的估算值，有待今后改进

... 量化研究生态系统服务价值(Ecosystem Service Values,ESV)有利于衡量生态系统服务供给潜力和生态效益大小,促进土地利用优化管控^{[9,10,11,12,13,14]} ...

2001

0.0

... 量化研究生态系统服务价值(Ecosystem Service Values,ESV)有利于衡量生态系统服务供给潜力和生态效益大小,促进土地利用优化管控^{[9,10,11,12,13,14]} ...

2004

0.0

王宗明, 张柏, 张树清. 吉林省生态系统服务价值变化研究[J]. 自然资源学报, 2004, 19(1): 55-61.

Wang Z

, Zhang

, Zhang S

. Study on the effects of land use change on ecosystem service values of Jilin Province[J]. J Nat Resour, 2004, 19(1): 55-61.

It is of significance to study the effect of land use change on ec osystem service values.This paper aimed to provide decision support for sustain able use of resources and protection of eco-environment by assessing land use change and its consequent changes in ecosystem service values of Jilin Province .We obtained land use data by interpreting remote sensing images.Based on dyna mic data of land use in Jinlin,this paper analyzed changes in land use and ecos ystem service values using the ecosystem service value coefficients put forward by Costanza et al.In addition,coefficients of sensitivity were introduced to test the rationality of ecological value coefficients.Results show that from1 980to2000,area of rangeland,water bodies and wetlands decreased and oth er categories of land use increased.Due to comparatively small valuation coeffi cients(VC)of cultivated land and comparatively big VC of wetland and water bod ies,the increment in cultivated land could not offset the total decrement in regional ecosystem service values because of decrease in area of wetlands and wa ter bodies.Meanwhile,city sprawl has also led to loss of ecological values.T he total ecosystem service values of the study area reduced dramatically,from U SD12365.14×10 6 to USD10700.38×10 6 in period1980-2000.There was a13.46%net decline in annual va lue of ecosystem services in study area(i.e.USD1664.76×10 6 net decline in total ecosystem service values)and a0.72%decline per ye ar.In recent five years,the degradation of woodland,wetland and rangeland sl owed down because of enhancement of eco-environment protection.There was an 0.54%decline per year in ecosystem service values from1995to2000,w hile there was an0.78decline per year from1980to1995,which shows t hat the decline in ecosystem service values has been lessened in recent five ye ars.

Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology,CAS,Changchun 130012,China

研究土地利用变化对区域生态系统服务价值的影响具有重要意义。论文以吉林省土地利用动态数据为基础,应用Costanza等提出的生态系统服务价值系数,分析了土地利用变化及其所引起的生态系统服务价值的变化。结果表明,从1980年到2000年,吉林省草地、水域和湿地面积大量减少,其它类型土地面积在增加;由于耕地的生态价值系数相对较小,湿地和水域的生态价值系数较高,耕地面积的增加不能弥补由于湿地、水域减少造成的区域生态系统服务价值的整体下降,使得区域生态系统服务价值显著减少。吉林省生态系统服务价值从1980年的12365.14×106＄减少到2000年的10700.38×106＄,减少率为13.46%,净减少值为1664.76×106＄,总生态系统服务价值每年变化率为0.72%。

... 量化研究生态系统服务价值(Ecosystem Service Values,ESV)有利于衡量生态系统服务供给潜力和生态效益大小,促进土地利用优化管控^{[9,10,11,12,13,14]} ...

2011

0.0

白杨, 欧阳志云, 郑华, 等. 海河流域森林生态系统服务功能评估[J]. 生态学报, 2011, 31(7): 2029-2039.

Bai

, Ouyang Z

, Zheng

, et al. Evaluation of the forest ecosystem services in Haihe River Basin, China[J]. Acta Ecol Sin, 2011, 31(7): 2029-2039.

Rapid human population growth and urbanization have led to the loss of many ecosystem services. However to effectively manage ecosystems so they can provide enough food, fiber, fuel and other services for humanity is a great challenge. One of the most important terrestrial ecosystems is forest, which plays an important role in watershed management. Forests provide important services such as timber, nutrient cycling and soil conservation. To increase our understanding of how to balance economic development with environmental conservation, we used Haihe river basin as a case study to evaluate forest ecosystem services. The Haihe river basin, located in Northern China, covers an area of 3.2×10 5 km 2 . Haihe river basin is currently confronting many environmental problems making the protection of ecosystem services a high priority for sustainable development across the region. Haihe river basin possesses many environmental challenges such as water scarcity, water pollution and desertification that are exacerbated by rapid economic development and urbanization. The majority of primary forests and secondary forests have been destroyed for timber production despite reforestation effects resulting in the reduction of forest ecosystem services. An index system for forest ecosystem evaluation was established and the economic value of the forest ecosystem services were evaluated using a methodology that included market valuation, shadow price and opportunity cost. The results showed that the total value of Haihe river basin's forest ecosystems were 234.9 billion RMB, of which the direct value accounted for 35.9 billion RMB and the indirect value was 199.1 billion RMB. Water conservation, carbon sequestration and oxygen release, environmental purification account for 37.63%, 21.88% and 19.57% of the total value. These three services were the main ecosystem services in the watershed. Based on our results, the services could be arranged from the maximum to the minimum value as: water conservation (88.4 billion RMB), carbon sequestration and oxygen release (51.41 billion RMB), environmental purification (45.98 billion RMB), product offers (35.87 billion RMB), soil conservation (8.21 billion RMB) and nutrient cycling (5.08 billion RMB). Based on forest types, the value could be arranged from the maximum to the minimum as: conifer, shrub, robur, birch, mixed forest, polar and larch. Shrub, conifer and robur are the main forest types in the watershed, accounting for 47.60%, 26.00% and 15.29% of the total area. Shrub provided services that value to 67.32 billion, conifer to 90.59 billion and robur to 42.08 billion RMB, which account for 28.65%, 38.56%, and 17.91% of the total value. Shrub occupied the greatest area but did not provide the most services. However, larch had a small area (4.31%), yet had the greatest value per unit area (53.9 thousand RMB per hectare). When considering value per unit area, coniferous forest provided more services than broad-leaved forest. The research results show that the forest ecosystem provide an immense value to the Haihe river basin. This study highlights the importance of forest ecosystems and could help facilitate the protection as well as the management of forest ecosystems in Haihe river basin.

森林生态系统在流域中发挥着极其重要的生态作用,为流域发展提供着巨大的服务功能。根据生态系统服务功能的内涵,建立了流域森林生态系统服务功能评价指标体系,利用市场价值法、影子工程法和生产成本法等,定量评价了海河流域森林生态系统服务功能的经济价值。结果表明:海河流域森林生态系统总价值2349.4亿元,其中直接价值358.7亿元,间接价值1990.7亿元。从不同的服务功能类型来看,其价值量大小依次为:涵养水源>固碳释氧>环境净化>提供产品>土壤保持>营养元素循环;从不同的森林类型来看,其价值量大小依次为:松柏类>灌丛>栎类>桦木类>混交林>杨树类>松杉类。但是从各种森林类型单位面积价值量来看,大小依次是:松杉类>松柏类>桦木类>混交林>栎类>杨树类>灌丛。从研究结果来看,海河流域森林生态系统服务功能价值巨大,该结果有利于加强人们对森林生态系统的认识,可以为流域生态系统管理、生态保护和生态补偿提供依据。

... 量化研究生态系统服务价值(Ecosystem Service Values,ESV)有利于衡量生态系统服务供给潜力和生态效益大小,促进土地利用优化管控^{[9,10,11,12,13,14]} ...

1997

0.0

... 1997年,Costanza等^[15]首次对全球ESV进行了评估,得出全球陆地生态系统平均每年的服务价值约为12万亿美元,以湿地和森林的服务价值为主,分别占比40%和38% ...

... 国内学者中,谢高地等^[16]较早开展了ESV相关研究,并于2008年在Costanza等^[15]研究的基础上提出了一种适合中国国情的ESV量化方法^[17],在2015年进一步构建了基于单位面积价值当量因子法的中国陆地ESV的动态评估方法^[18,19] ...

2005

0.0

谢高地, 肖玉, 甄霖, 等. 我国粮食生产的生态服务价值研究[J]. 中国生态农业学报, 2005, 13(3): 10-13.

Xie G

, Xiao

, Zhen

, et al. Study on ecosystem services value of food production in China[J]. Chin J Eco-Agric, 2005, 13(3): 10-13.

2008

0.0

谢高地, 甄霖, 鲁春霞, 等. 一个基于专家知识的生态系统服务价值化方法[J]. 自然资源学报, 2008, 23(5): 911-919.

Xie G

, Zhen

, Lu C

, et al. Expert knowledge based valuation method of ecosystem services in China[J]. J Nat Resour, 2008, 23(5): 911-919.

Valuation of global ecosystem services by R Costanza(1997)has attracted attention of the Chinese ecological researchers over the years. And many Chinese scientists have been using the methods to valuate the ecosystem services for forest, grassland and farmland ecosystems. However, it has been turned out that there are several shortcomings in direct adaptation of the methods, for instance, some ecosystem services have been insufficiently valuated or even ignored via using Costanza’s method. To fill this gap, we have, on the basis of Costanza’s method, developed a new method or 'unit value’ based method for assessment of ecosystem services. Expert interviews with structured questionnaire were contacted in 2002 and 2007 respectively, and altogether 700 Chinese ecologists were involved in the interviews for testing the method. It has been found that the values of ecosystem services from expert knowledge based unit value method and biomass based method are comparative. Therefore, expert knowledge based assessment of ecosystem services could be used as a method for assessing ecosystem services with known land use areas, and a good result could be generated within a short period of time. However, for scientifically sound and concrete results, the spatial disparity of ecosystem services should be taken into account.

Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China

Costanza等提出的生态服务价值化评估方法在中国直接运用存在一些缺陷:低估或者忽略了某些生态系统服务价值。因此,笔者在其生态系统服务价值评估体系的基础上分别在2002年和2006年对中国700位具有生态学背景的专业人员进行问卷调查,得出了新的生态系统服务评估单价体系。通过对比发现,调查获得的基于专家知识的生态系统服务单价体系与基于物质量估算的生态系统服务价值之间具有较好的可比性。该基于专家知识的生态系统服务评估体系可以用于已知土地利用面积的生态系统服务价值估算,能在较短时间内获得较为精确的结果。

2015

0.0

... 2 ESV评估与分析本文依据谢高地等^[18]提出的基于单位面积价值的当量因子法,结合长沙市土地利用实际情况,对各项生态系统服务功能当量进行本地化校正,构建适合长沙市的ESV当量表(表1) ...

2015

0.0

谢高地, 张彩霞, 张昌顺, 等. 中国生态系统服务的价值[J]. 资源科学, 2015, 37(9): 1740-1746.

Xie G

, Zhang C

, et al. The value of ecosystem services in China[J]. Resour Sci, 2015, 37(9): 1740-1746.

Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China

2019

0.0

丁丽莲, 王奇, 陈欣, 等. 近30年淀山湖地区生态系统服务价值对土地利用变化的响应[J]. 生态学报, 2019, 39(8): 2973-2985.

Ding L

, Wang

, Chen

, et al. The responses of ecosystem services to land -use change in Dianshan Lake area from 1984 to 2014[J]. Acta Ecol Sin, 2019, 39(8): 2973-2985.

Water resources are an important guarantee for the development of regions and cities. Understanding the changes in ecosystem services and their driving forces, therefore, is of great significance in the management of water resources across regions. By utilizing remote sensing images of Dianshan Lake area in 1984, 1993, 2006 and 2014, land-use change and ecosystem service value (ESV) were analyzed by revising the ESV coefficient of different types of land use. The results showed that the areas of woodland and construction land tended to increase, while those of arable land and water bodies tended to decrease between 1984 and 2014. Results from the ESV analysis showed that the ESV of water bodies and arable land decreased by 215 and 241 million yuan, respectively, while the ESV of woodland increased by 250 million yuan. The ESV sensitivity index of each land-use type was less than 1, indicating that the ESV of the study area was inelastic. On the township scale, the ESV analysis showed a net increase only in Zhujiajiao and Jinxi Towns. At the provincial and municipal scales, the total ESV perunitarea of Jiangsu Province decreased, while the total ESV per unit area of Shanghai increased. The driving force analysis showed that both natural and socio-economic factors had an impact on the ESV. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between population density and ESV and between total regional economic output and ESV. Our results suggest that changes in land use have an important impact on the ESV. An optimal land-use pattern would help to increase the total ESV across regions.

水源是区域和城市发展的重要保障，研究其生态系统服务的变化及其影响因素对水源跨区域联防联治有重要意义。利用淀山湖地区1984、1993、2006和2014年的遥感影像，通过修正生态系统服务价值当量因子，基于GIS空间分析技术对淀山湖地区1984-1993年、1993-2006年、2006-2014年土地利用变化及生态系统服务价值（Ecosystem Service Value，ESV）进行了分析。结果表明，淀山湖地区林地面积和建筑用地面总体呈增加趋势，而耕地面积和水体面积呈下降趋势。ESV结果显示，1984-2014期间水体ESV减少了2.15亿元，耕地的ESV减少了2.41亿元，林地的ESV增加了2.50亿元。各土地利用类型ESV敏感性指数均小于1，说明研究区生态系统服务价值是缺乏弹性的。在乡镇尺度，仅朱家角镇和锦溪镇ESV呈现净增长；在省市级尺度，江苏省境内的总土地单位面积ESV减少，而上海市境内的总土地单位面积ESV增加。驱动力分析表明，自然因素和社会经济因素均对ESV有影响，人口密度、区域总产值与ESV存在显著相关性。可见，土地利用方式的改变显著影响生态系统服务价值，合理的土地利用将有利于提高总土地单位面积生态系统服务价值。

... 这一方法被广泛应用于不同尺度生态系统的价值评估^{[20,21,22,23]} ...

2016

0.0

李涛, 甘德欣, 杨知建, 等. 土地利用变化影响下洞庭湖地区生态系统服务价值的时空演变[J]. 应用生态学报, 2016, 27(12): 3787-3796.

, Gan D

, Yang Z

, et al. Spatial-temporal evolvement of ecosystem service value of Dongting Lake area influenced by changes of land use[J]. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2016, 27(12): 3787-3796.

With the technology of geographic information system (GIS), the ecosystem service value (ESV) coefficient of different types of land use in Dongting Lake area was estimated in this paper by interpreting the remotesensing image for years and combining its economic development statistics. Meanwhile, the temporalspatial evolvement characteristics of the ESV were investigated by employing the methods of spatial statistics analysis such as spatial autocorrelation, highland clustering analysis and hotspot analysis. The results showed that the ESV of Dongting Lake area increased slightly during 2000-2013, from 3868.39 billion yuan to 3886.62 billion yuan due to the increase of wetland in the area. The areas with high ESV and low ESV were infiltrated into each other, while the areas with second high ESV embraced those areas with high and low ESV. The characteristics of ESV and its dynamic evolvement in Dongting Lake area were obviously of spatial autocorrelation and high and low value clustering, but the trend was weakened. The focus of ESV hotspot of Dongting Lake area moved to northwest slightly with a “S” track in a obviously phased manner of “quickslowquick”.

( 1 College of Biological Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;  2 College of Design and Art, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China;  3 Biological Research Institute of Chenzhou, Chenzhou 423000, Hunan, China).

对洞庭湖地区多年遥感影像进行解译,结合其经济发展统计数据,在地理信息系统技术支持下,估算各土地利用类型的生态价值系数,并运用空间自相关、高地聚类及热点分析等空间地统计分析方法,探究洞庭湖地区生态系统服务价值(ESV)的时空变化特征.结果表明: 2000—2013年间,洞庭湖地区的ESV小幅上升,由3868.39亿元上升至3886.62亿元,湿地面积的增加是ESV上升的主要原因;洞庭湖地区的ESV高值区与低值区相互溶解渗透,次高值区对高值及低值区呈包围态势;洞庭湖地区的ESV及其动态演化表现出明显的空间自相关与高低值聚集现象,但其自相关与聚集程度趋于减弱;研究期间洞庭湖地区的ESV热点区重心主要向西稍偏北方向移动,其轨迹大体上呈 “S”型态势,迁移速度缓慢但具有明显的阶段性,经历了 “剧烈—缓慢—剧烈”的变化阶段.

... 这一方法被广泛应用于不同尺度生态系统的价值评估^{[20,21,22,23]} ...

... ESV当量因子的价值系数为该区域1 hm²耕地粮食产量市场价值的1/7^[21] ...

2009

0.0

... 这一方法被广泛应用于不同尺度生态系统的价值评估^{[20,21,22,23]} ...

2006

0.0

... 这一方法被广泛应用于不同尺度生态系统的价值评估^{[20,21,22,23]} ...

2009

0.0

伍星, 沈珍瑶, 刘瑞民. 等. 土地利用变化对长江上游生态系统服务价值的影响[J]. 农业工程学报, 2009, 25(8): 236-241.

, Shen Z

, Liu R

, et al. Effect of land use change on ecosystem services value of the upper reaches of the Yangtze Ri-ver[J]. Trans CSAE, 2009, 25(8): 236-241.

Based on dynamic data of land use in 1980, 1990 and 2000, and by the table of Chinese ecosystem service value per unit area of different ecosystem types and ecological sensitivity analysis, a typical ecological fragile zones of the upper reach of Yangtze River was selected to explore land use changes and their effects on the ecosystem services value . Results showed that area of forest, grassland and wetland had the varying degree growth, and ecosystem service values showed an upward trend in the study region from 1980 to 1990. However, due to a dramatic increase in the area of construction land, farmland and unused land from 1990 to 2000, which were mainly transferred from forest and grass land, all kinds of ecosystem functions declined in different extents during the whole study period. The total ecosystem service values of the study region reduced from 11 119.16×108 Yuan in 1980 to 11 077.85×108 Yuan in 2000, with the net decline of 41.31×108 Yuan. The rapid urbanization and development mode aimed at economic interests have brought significant harm to the local ecosystem service functions and sustainable development.

该文以典型生态脆弱带——长江上游地区1980、1990和2000年的土地利用动态数据为基础，参照中国陆地生态系统单位面积服务价值表，结合敏感度分析，探讨了土地利用变化及其对生态系统服务价值的影响。结果表明，1980－1990年研究区林地、草地和湿地面积都有不同程度增长，生态系统服务价值呈增加趋势；但在1990－2000年间，建设用地、耕地和未利用地面积大幅度增加，且大多来源于林地和草地等地类的转化或退化，使得整个研究期间内各项生态系统服务功能都出现不同程度的衰退。生态系统服务价值也从1980年的11 119.16亿元减少到2000年的11 077.85亿元，净减少值为41.31亿元。该区域快速城市化和以经济利益为目的的发展模式给生态系统服务功能和可持续发展带来巨大压力，这种生态环境急剧退化的趋势必须引起高度重视并进行有效控制。

... 伍星等^[24]分析了土地利用变化对长江上游ESV的影响,结果表明快速城市化和以经济利益为目的的发展模式给生态系统服务功能和可持续发展带来了巨大压力 ...

2018

0.0

熊鹰, 张方明, 龚长安, 等. LUCC影响下湖南省生态系统服务价值时空演变[J]. 长江流域资源与环境, 2018, 27(6): 1397-1408.

Xiong

, Zhang F

, Gong C

, et al. Spatial-temporal evolvement of ecosystem service value in Hunan Province based on LUCC[J]. Resour Environ Yangtze Basin, 2018, 27(6): 1397-1408.

... 熊鹰等^[25]探讨了湖南省的ESV时空格局及其动态演化,结果表明长沙市及周边区域因建设用地比例较高,为ESV低值区 ...

2019

0.0

姜月华, 周权平, 陈立德, 等. 长江经济带地质环境综合调查工程进展与主要成果[J]. 中国地质调查, 2019, 6(5): 1-20.

Jiang Y

, Zhou Q

, Chen L

, et al. Progresses and main achievements of geological environment comprehensive survey project in the Yangtze River economic zone[J]. Geol Surv China, 2019, 6(5): 1-20.

... 湖南省是我国内陆开放的经济中心和长江经济带的重要支撑^[26],长沙市是长江中游城市群的核心城市,是中部崛起战略的重要支点 ...

2009

0.0

徐立, 刘少博, 刘云国, 等. 湘中红壤丘陵区土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响——以长沙市为例[J]. 环境科学学报, 2009, 29(8): 1788-1792.

, Liu S

, Liu Y

, et al. Effects of land use change on ecosystem services value in red soil hilly region of central Hunan Province—a case study in Changsha City[J]. Acta Sci Circumst, 2009, 29(8): 1788-1792.

Ecosystem services value (ESV) and land use/cover change (LUCC) are hot issues in the field of eco-environment sustainable development. It is of great significance to conduct research on the change of ecosystem services value based on land use change. Changsha was chosen as the study area to analyze the variety of ESV based on land use change in the red soil hilly region of Central Hunan Province. Ecosystem services value coefficients were estimated. The results showed that from 1986 to 2000,the area of woodland,grassland,wetland and unused land decreased,while cropland,water and construction land increased. Woodland decreased the most and cropland increased the most. The total ESV of the study area decreased by 1483.14×10 6 RMB,at an annual rate of -0.41%. The decrease was attributed to the rapid increase of construction land and large decrease of woodland which has a relatively high value coefficient. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the ESV lacked elasticity on value coefficients,and the results are credible. The ecological environment in the red soil hilly region of Central Hunan Province is relatively fragile; it is necessary to pay more attention to the ecological benefits when adjusting the land-use structure to mitigate the downtrend of ESV in these areas.

以长沙市为例,研究了湘中红壤丘陵区土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响.同时,参照相关研究成果制定了长沙市生态系统服务价值系数表,计算并研究了长沙市生态系统服务价值的变化.结果表明:研究期内,研究区林地、草地、湿地和未利用地面积减少,林地面积减少最多,耕地、水域和建设用地面积增加,耕地增加最多;研究区生态系统服务价值下降了1483.14×10 6 元,年变化率为-0.41%,建设用地快速扩张,价值系数较高的林地面积大幅减少是造成这一结果的主要原因;敏感性指数分析表明,生态系统服务价值对所

... 改革开放以来,长沙市进入快速工业化、城镇化发展阶段,社会经济的发展及战略政策的实施导致该地区土地利用结构发生显著变化,局部地区生态风险有持续恶化的趋势^[27] ...

2006

0.0

李忠武, 张棋, 曾光明, 等. 基于GIS的红壤丘陵区脆弱生态系统土壤侵蚀研究——以长沙市为例[J]. 资源科学, 2006, 28(5): 201-206.

Li Z

, Zhang

, Zeng G

, et al. Soil and water erosion of fragile ecosystem in red soil hilly region based on GIS: A case study in Changsha City[J]. Resour Sci, 2006, 28(5): 201-206.

The red soil hilly region is with typical frail ecosystems in southChina, where red desertification is much more serious, and especially the water and soil loss induced by human activities is increasing gradually. Researches on soil erosion model have great significance for water and soil erosion control, restoration of ecological environment and promotion of land productivity in red soil hilly region. Geographic Information Systems (GIS), as a modern information technology, have powerful functions in analyzing, managing and visualizing spatial data, and have been widely used in natural resources management and environmental protection, which provided a valuable tool for studying the soil erosion quantitatively. In this paper, Changsha city, a typical red soil hilly region, was selected as the research area and soil erosion model, SEIM (Soil Erosion Index Model), was used to investigate water and soil loss of red soil hilly region. Firstly, the basic structure of SEIM, including soil index, rainfall index, reform index, vegetation index and land use, was discussed briefly, and each parameters values of SEIM for red soil hilly region was determined by contrasting natural condition of Taiwan with Changsha City, and integrating with geographic information system (GIS). Secondly, by inputting parameters values into SEIM, we can simulate the soil erosion in red soil hilly region. Finally, supported by geographic information system (GIS), the paper researched the current situation and dynamic change of water and soil loss, and explored the reasons of dynamic changes briefly in red soil hilly region using SEIM. It is concluded that the forecasting data can reflect the general tendency of the soil erosion in red soil hilly region. And it can be shown from the soil and water erosion in red soil hilly region that least, gentle and middlegrade erosion area amounts to more than 95%, and other grades less than 5% in 2000. The degrees of soil erosion in redearth hilly land is decreasing gradually in general and the ecological environment quality improved obviously.

中国南方红壤丘陵区是非常脆弱的生态系统之一，红色荒漠化现象非常严重。本研究以红壤丘陵区典型区域——长沙市为例，首先探讨了SEIM(Soil Erosion Index Model)模型的基本结构以及相对应的各个参数的取值；然后在地理信息系统的支持下，利用SEIM模型，研究了红壤丘陵区的水土流失现状特征及动态变化，并对产生变化的原因进行了初步探讨。研究结果表明，SEIM模型的预测结果基本上能够反映红壤丘陵区土壤侵蚀现状的总体趋势；而红壤丘陵区水土流失现状研究表明，红壤丘陵区总体的水土流失量较小，轻度和微度侵蚀面积达到95%以上，中度以上侵蚀范围不到5%。红壤丘陵区的动态分析结果表明，从1986年到2000年，红壤丘陵区土壤侵蚀程度总体上来讲在逐步减弱，而局部地方，由于人类活动导致的土地利用方式的不合理，土壤侵蚀比较严重。

... 近年来,随着国家中部崛起以及长江经济带发展等战略的实施,长沙市经济社会发展步入快车道,人口规模不断扩大,对各用途建设用地的需求显著增加,随之而来的水土流失、耕地侵占、湖泊萎缩、水质恶化等生态环境负效应不断加剧,生态系统服务功能衰退风险加大^[28] ...

2014

0.0

吴琳娜, 杨胜天, 刘晓燕, 等. 1976年以来北洛河流域土地利用变化对人类活动程度的响应[J]. 地理学报, 2014, 69(1): 54-63.

Wu L

, Yang S

, Liu X

, et al. Response analysis of land use change to the degree of human activities in Beiluo River Basin since 1976[J]. Acta Geogr Sin, 2014, 69(1): 54-63.

Land use change as an important factor reflects the degree of human activities. Analysis of spatial-temporal change of land use is an effective way to reveal the degree of land use change. Based on the remote sensing and GIS, the authors used man computer interactive image processing methods to acquire the land use data in 1976, 1998 and 2010, and analyzed the spatial-temporal variation of land use in Beiluo River basin from the rate of land use change, the direction of land use transformation, and the degree of land use. The results can be obtained as follows. (1) The integrated dynamic degree of land use increased from 0.61 during 1976-1998 to 6.66 during 1998-2010, the area of arable land and grassland decreased gradually, the rate was increased from 2.00% and 2.69% to 26.20% and 23.33% respectively, while the area of forest land and residential land increased gradually, the rate of the former increased from 5.93% during 1976-1998 to 59.68% during 1998-2010, and that of the latter decreased from 6.59% during 1976-1998 to 3.52% during 1998-2010. (2) The direction of land use change showed similar characteristics during the two periods. Forest land was converted from arable land and grassland, and a small part of residential land was converted from arable land. (3) The integrated degree of land use change ranged from -2-1 during 1976-1998 to -27-4 during 1998-2010. The authors proved that the impact of human activities on the natural environmental showed increasing trends, that arable land, grassland, forestland and residential land were mainly converted, that affected areas were mainly distributed in the upper basin, i.e., Wuqi county, Fuxian county, Ganquan county, Huangling county and Luochuan county, while the increasing area of forest land was much larger than the decreasing area of both arable land and grassland area, and the increasing area of residential land.

1. State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing Key Laboratory for Remote Sensing of Environment and Digital Cities, Beijing 100875, China; 2. College of Resource and Environment Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; 3. Yellow River Conservancy Commission, Zhengzhou 450003, China; 4. School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; 5. School of Land and Resource, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, Sichuan, China

土地利用变化是反映人类活动程度的重要因子,分析土地利用时空变化规律,是揭示人类活动程度的有效方式。在遥感和地理信息系统技术的支持下,采用人机交互图像处理方法获取北洛河流域1976 年、1998 年和2010 年土地利用数据；从土地利用变化速度、转移方向和土地利用程度方面,全面分析1976 年以来北洛河流域人类活动作用下的土地利用时空变化规律。结果表明：① 1976-1998 年和1998-2010 年间北洛河流域综合土地利用动态度从0.61 增加到6.66；耕地和草地面积减少,减小速度分别从2.00%和2.69%增加到26.20%和23.33%,林地和城乡工矿居民用地面积增加,前者增加速度从5.93%增加到59.68%,后者增加速度从6.59%减小到3.52%。② 两个时段土地利用类型转移方向都呈现出耕地和草地主要转化为林地,少部分耕地转化为城乡工矿居民用地的特点；③ 流域各县土地利用程度综合变化指数从-2~1 之间,扩大为-27~4 之间。证明流域内人类活动对自然环境的影响逐渐增大；主要表现为耕地、草地、林地和城乡工矿居民用地的相互转化；影响区域主要分布在流域上游吴旗县、富县、甘泉、黄陵县和洛川县；而人类活动作用导致的林地面积增大程度远远大于耕地和草地面积减小和城乡工矿居民用地面积增加程度。

... 土地利用类型动态度指的是研究区一定时间范围内土地利用类型的数量变化情况,反映了人类活动对土地利用类型的影响程度^[29] ...

2003

0.0

马明国, 王雪梅, 角媛梅, 等. 基于RS与GIS的干旱区绿洲景观格局变化研究——以金塔绿洲为例[J]. 中国沙漠, 2003, 23(1): 53-58.

Ma M

, Wang X

, Jiao Y

, et al. Study on the change of land scape pattern of oasis in arid region based on RS and GIS methods—application of Jinta Oasis[J]. J Desert Res, 2003, 23(1): 53-58.

Landscape Ecology is a new field of the macro-ecological research.Study on the Landscape pattern change is the research hotspot of the Landscape Ecology at present.The paper use remote sensing tools to get the basic landscape pattern data for Jinta Oasis in 1990 and 2000.The analysis method of Geographic Information System(GIS) is used to calculate the six landscape indexes,including rate between parameter and area,diversity and evenness,dominance,fragmentation,separation and fractal dimension.The landscape mosaics of the research region are transformed into 5×5 square meters grids.From the spatial analysis,we get the transform matrix of the landscape mosaics,which is the base for spatial change analysis of the landscape pattern.The calculation results show that:(1) Diversity and evenness,dominance have close relativity.We only need to take Diversity in consideration.(2) The landscape pattern change in Oasis has also close relativity with the change of the water resources.(3) Jinta Oasis has the tendency of desertification.(4) Residential areas for city expand fast on the not used land,which has the urbanization trend.(5) The values of the fragmentation for the cities can not show the true landscape pattern characteristics of the cities.We could get better result when some big mosaics that occupy most of the area were not thought about.

1. The State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Cold and A rid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; 2. Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; 3. Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650092, China

景观生态学是宏观生态研究的一个新领域。景观格局变化研究,是目前景观生态学的研究热点。利用遥感的手段获取试验区1990和2000年景观格局的基础数据,并利用GIS做分析的工具,计算出6个指标值,采用格网化的方法,将研究区域的景观斑块转化成5m×5m的格网,进行空间分析,计算得出了景观斑块的转移矩阵,为景观格局在空间上的变化分析打下基础。分析显示:①多样性、均匀性、优势度3个指标数值上有很大的相关性,只需考虑多样性;②绿洲景观格局的变化与水资源的变化密切相关;③绿洲有沙漠化的威胁;④城镇居民点用地扩展迅速,主要在未利用土地上发展,金塔绿洲内城镇居民区有城市化的趋势;⑤城镇居民点破碎化指标值未能真正体现其景观特性,当不考虑少数几个大的斑块时,能够得到较为理想的结果。

... 一个给定像元在一定时间段所发生的土地利用类型变化过程,即构成其土地利用变化动态轨迹^[30] ...

2007

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... 此外,建设用地对生态系统服务的影响不容忽视^[31],由于建设用地对大气、气候等环境因素的影响具有累积效应,难以界定其影响范围和程度,目前对建设用地ESV的评估方法尚不明确,本文暂时未将建设用地ESV纳入评估体系 ...