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2021 Vol. 8, No. 5
Published: 2021-10-20
 
1 Insights and understanding about shale gas geological survey
ZOU Wujian, XIE Fei, MA Fenghua, ZHANG Yong, MA Xiaojuan
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2021.05.01
The investigations under shale gas reservoirs in high-frequency sequence stratigraphic framework could be the research orientation in enriching shale gas geological theory, which include the significance of mineral causes and source rock properties in the development of clay mineral in shale gas reservoirs, the control mechanism of mineral causes and source rock properties on the organic matter hydrocarbon generation and morphological changes during the process of mineral evolution sequence, the significance of oil and gas geology with characteristic minerals occurrence, the understanding of oil and gas occurrence under special geological conditions, and the identification of Cask Effect parameters. Based on the previous studies on shale gas geological investigation and evaluation, combined with the practice and understanding of shale gas geological survey, the authors in this paper identified that the process of earth system interaction between two source-sink systems, provenances-depositional system and hydrocarbon generation-accumulation system, is the fundamental controlling factor of shale gas reservoir heterogeneity. Besides, the structural control factor of tectonic-sedimentary plays a decisive role in shale reservoir properties. The systematic control factors of tectonic transformation and reservoir forming and evolution in the later stage are the modification of the earlier stage. The multi-source and multi-sink of hydrocarbon gas in shale reservoir can break through the reservoir heterogeneity to a certain extent, and the correlation coefficient between gas content and TOC content is a characterization of reservoir heterogeneity. This research would enrich shale gas geological survey and evaluation theory, and provide method references for future work.
2021 Vol. 8 (5): 1-9 [Abstract] ( 155 ) RICH HTML PDF (2390 KB)  ( 227 )
10 Composition of geothermal water in porous geothermal reservoir under exploitation in Hebei Plain: A case study in Xinji area
SU Yongqiang
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2021.05.02
Geothermal water belongs to confined water, and its storage capacity includes volume storage capacity and elastic storage capacity. When the water level is above the aquifer roof, the exploited geothermal water can only be elastic storage capacity. The recoverable amount of geothermal water was calculated by mining coefficient method and analytical method in the evaluation of regional geothermal resources in Hebei Plain, which has a huge difference with elastic storage amount. In order to study the composition of geothermal water exploitation resources and evaluate more accurately the exploitable quantity of geothermal water in the concentrated exploitation area, the author of this paper has adopted the groundwater balance method to calculate the exploitation quantity of geothermal water in Xinji concentrated exploitation area. The results show that lateral recharge is 126×104 m3, accounting for 60.9% of the exploitation resources; the overflow recharge is 19.7×104 m3,accounting for 9.55% of the exploitation resources; the elastic water release is 33.1×104 m3,accounting for 16.1% of the exploitation resources, and the impermeable water release is 27.4×104 m3, accounting for 13.3% of the exploitation resources. The exploitation resources of geothermal water in the concentrated mining area not only come from the elastic water release of thermal reservoir, but also include lateral recharge, overflow recharge and compaction water release. These results are of great significance to the scientific and reasonable development of geothermal resources, and to better control and alleviation of the geological environment problems caused by geothermal water exploitation.
2021 Vol. 8 (5): 10-17 [Abstract] ( 105 ) RICH HTML PDF (3418 KB)  ( 110 )
18 Characteristics of geothermal resources in Wentang Gorge anticline of Chongqing
FAN Xinqing, SHANG Yajun, ZHANG Song
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2021.05.03
The Wentang Gorge anticline is one of the anticlines in the broom-shaped dome pleats of Huaying Mountain, with abundant geothermal water resources of natural hot springs and artificial hot springs. Through statistics and analysis of the water quantity, water quality and aquifers of geothermal drillings on both sides of the anticline, the authors have identified that its main thermal storage aquifers are Member 2 and Member 4 of Jialingjiang Formation, and its secondary thermal storage aquifers are Member 1 and Member 3 of Jialingjiang Formation. The main hydrochemical type is sulfate type, but the conditions in the two wings of the anticline are different. The equivalent concentration ratio of magnesium to calcium ions is less than 1, which indicates that the chemical composition of the geothermal water is mainly from limestone aquifer. The water quality and quantity were controlled by the geological structure. The Wentang Gorge anticline has the characteristic of layered structure which includes thermal reservoir cap rocks, thermal reservoir and lower thermal reservoir insulation and confining bed, and the thermal storage temperatures for the two wings of the anticline are similar. The thermal storage temperature is between 26.42 ℃ and 51.7 ℃ at 1 700-2 000 m depth according to the geophysical logging data, with an increasing trend from north to south. This research would provide some references and guide for further exploration and exploitation of thermal water resources in Wentang Gorge.
2021 Vol. 8 (5): 18-24 [Abstract] ( 137 ) RICH HTML PDF (2116 KB)  ( 210 )
25 Characteristics of Fe-Al rock series on the top of Emeishan basalt in northwestern Guizhou Province and enrichment characteristics of its three rare elements
XUE Hongfu, ZENG Daoguo, XIANG Mingkun, MANG Shicai, ZHANG An
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2021.05.04
The Fe-Al rock series is widely developed on the top of the Emeishan basalt in northwestern Guizhou Province. In order to ascertain the characteristics of the Fe-Al rock series and explore the enrichment characteristics of its three rare elements, the authors carried out a field survey on it. The results show that the Fe-Al rock series as the weathering crust at the top of the Emeishan basalt is apparently different when the overlying stratum is Xuanwei Formation (P3x) or Longtan Formation(P3l). Sample test results show that the Fe-Al rock series is rich in three rare elements such as Sc, Nb, REE, with great prospecting prospects. The Sc, Nb and REE contents of the Fe-Al rock series with Xuanwei Formation (P3x) is higher than that of the Fe-Al rock series with Longtan Formation (P3l), especially Nb and REE. The Sc, Nb and REE concentration in the Fe-Al rock series is an outcome of combined action of the initial enrichment weathering and the late beneficiation reformation on the Emeishan basalt.
2021 Vol. 8 (5): 25-34 [Abstract] ( 98 ) RICH HTML PDF (8428 KB)  ( 119 )
35 Application of comprehensive geophysical methods in gold deposits prospecting in Fanshuiwa area of Anhui Province
WANG Jinxin, ZHANG Songsong, ZHAO Wenguang, ZHANG Zhi
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2021.05.05
Fanshuiwa district in Chuzhou is an important prospecting area for copper and gold deposits in Eastern Anhui Province, and the fine-disseminated gold deposit is the major type. Previous work on the interpretation and inference of comprehensive electromagnetic methods is relatively weak. Therefore, a comprehensive detection profile on the vertical direction of the main structures was set up, including magnetic, gravity, AMT, CSAMT and TDIP, in order to achieve a breakthrough in prospecting in this area. The results show that ① Huangpo fault, on the west side of the Fanshuiwa mining area, has a steeper upper part. This fault slows down at a depth of approximate 500 m and changes to a steep dip at a depth of 1 500 m. ② There are two obvious hidden faults in the deep, with a southeast tendency and the dip of 70°~75°. One intrusive rock probably locates between these two faults, with a shallow buried depth of 400~500 m. A 1 500 m straight hole drilling project was constructed in the favorable mineralization position, and the results show that the structural breccia with strong pyrite mineralization is the main ore-bearing location of the fine disseminated gold deposits in this area. However, due to the influence of the carbon content in the strata, it is not effective to find the favorable mineralization site by polarizability. It is advisable to find the resistivity gradient zone first, and infer the locations with the fractured structure. The structural fracture zone favorable for mineralization was delineated lastly. Combined with the rock physical structure, ore-forming geological characteristics and ore-controlling geological conditions, the deep tectonic features of this mining area were inferred and favorable blocks for prospecting were clarified in this paper, which could point the prospecting direction for golden deposits in this area.
2021 Vol. 8 (5): 35-44 [Abstract] ( 132 ) RICH HTML PDF (9120 KB)  ( 221 )
45 Geological characteristics of Well Wanjingdi 2 and drilling strategy in Southern Anhui of Lower Yangtze region
GUO Jun, LI Yan, WANG Wenbin, WANG Chaoji
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2021.05.06
There are two sets of hydrocarbon accumulation systems in Southern Anhui namely, Triassic Yinkeng Formation and Permian Dalong Formation-Longtan Formation. However, this region has developed complex structures and faults, and the soft and hard formations were interlaced with frequent changes. Various complex situ-ations such as reduced diameter, lost circulation, wall collapse and stuck drill often occurred, and there is a high-pressure gas layer locally, which has caused huge challenges during drilling construction. By adopting the technical measures of plugging while drilling, composite plugging, special shale-coring bit, hybrid bit and strong inhibitory drilling fluid, the optimal and fast drilling has been realized in Well Wanjingdi 2, so the drilling cycle has been shortened by 24 days. Besides, the elastic and ductile double condensation and double density cementing technology was used to guarantee the cementing quality of production casing, which provides technical guarantee for the next stage of fracturing and gas testing. This technical system can provie some valuable references for similar drilling projects in the future.
2021 Vol. 8 (5): 45-52 [Abstract] ( 98 ) RICH HTML PDF (3923 KB)  ( 189 )
53 Chronology, geochemical characteristics and prospecting significance of the granite porphyry in Cuojie area of Middle Gangdise in Tibet
HU Lin, XU Lin, XIAO Jin, XU Gang, LUO Shaoqiang
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2021.05.07
A set of malachite-bearing granite porphyry was found in Cuojie area of the Middle Gangdise in Tibet. In order to determine the age, genesis and prospecting significance of the granite porphyry, the authors have conducted the petrographic, LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb chronology and geochemical characteristics of the granite porphyry. The results show that the zircons in the granite porphyry are of magmatic origin, with a weighted ave-rage age of 206Pb/238U of (13.9±0.2) Ma, and the intrusive age is Miocene. The geochemical characteristics of major elements show that the granite porphyry is characterized by high SiO2, high Al2O3, rich alkali, and rich sodium calc-alkalic characteristics. The geochemical characteristics of trace elements show that the granitic porphyry is rich in large ion lithophile elements such as U, Th, and depleted in high field strength elements such as Nb and Yb. The total amount of rare earth elements is (47.4~141.4) ×10-6, and the light rare earth elements are relatively rich with positive Eu anomaly. The granitic porphyry was formed by partial melting of the thickened lower crust, and partial separation crystallization may have occurred during the formation process, through comprehensive analysis. By comparing the geological characteristics of the granite porphyry with the typical deposits in the region, it is found that the granite porphyry in Cuojie area has similar geological characteristics and metallogenic system with the Gangdise porphyry copper deposit. And there may be a large ore-bearing porphyry buried in the deep, which briags a better prospecting prospect.
2021 Vol. 8 (5): 53-63 [Abstract] ( 107 ) RICH HTML PDF (6146 KB)  ( 522 )
64 Main progress and achievements of four 1:50 000 mineral geological survey sheets (Hongtulin Temple sheet and others) of Aquedun area of Ruoqiang County in Xinjiang Province
LI Meng, HU Chaobin, ZHA Xianfeng, GAO Xiaofeng, LI Ting, YAO Zhiliang, ZHAO Shuai
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2021.05.08
In order to find out the metallogenic law and metallogenic background of copper-nickel deposit in Early Paleozoic and gold deposit in Early Mesozoic in East Kunlun area of Xinjiang Province, the authors of this paper have carried out four 1:50 000 mineral geological survey sheets (Hongtulin Temple sheet and others) in Aquedun area of Ruoqiang County in Xinjiang Province, using the the working technical method of Prospecting discovery - Law summary - New area discovery. The new progress and main achievements are as follows: ① The basic-ultrabasic intrusions, exposed in Tuteka-Hongtulin region with the same characteristics of magnesium-iron and super magnesium-iron rock, were the product under the combination of depleted mantle and lithosphere mantle in an early cracking environment of Early Devonian period, rather than the ophiolite fragments. ② The pomegranate amphibolite was firstly found in Baishahe Formation of Jinshuikou Group, which was lenticular in gneiss. The two groups of the metamorphic ages in this research were closed to the high pressure metamorphic age (450~430 Ma) and retrogressive metamorphism age (420~405 Ma) in previous research from eclogite and pomegranate amphibolite in East Kunlun, which indicating that there was a large high pressure metamorphic belt (greater than 1 000 km) in Early Paleozoic in East Kunlun. It was of important significance to discussing the tectonic evolution of East Kunlun orogenic belt in Palaeozoic. ③ Through the comprehensive verification of 1:50 000 geochemical anomalies, the authors have discovered six new gold and copper-nickel mineral occurrences, especially the most potential prospecting occurrences of Yugusayi copper-nickel mineralization deposit and Baozigou gold mineralization deposit. ④ On the basis of the systematic summary of ore-bearing horizon, ore-forming geological background, ore-forming times and ore-forming laws in the study area, 2 ore-forming prospect areas are divided and 2 ore-prospecting target areas are delineated. Besides, the potential of dominant mineral resources is preliminarily analyzed.
2021 Vol. 8 (5): 64-73 [Abstract] ( 106 ) RICH HTML PDF (12848 KB)  ( 122 )
74 Characteristics of the faults in Buerhanbuda Mountain area and discussion of the southern boundary of Kunzhong fault zone
ZHOU Linxiong, YIN Jianhua, WANG Yong, ZHENG Ke, ZHANG Guozhong, DENG Zhilong
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2021.05.09
The southwest margin of Buerhanbuda Mountain belongs to the hinterland of the East Kunlun orogenic belt, and it has strong regional tectonic effects since late Archean. In the Middle Permian, several nearly parallel EW deep fractures were formed in the study area with successive closure of ocean basins in multiple islands of the East Kunlun region, which are the main framework of Kunzhong fault zone. Through the analysis of landform, remote-sensing images, geophysical exploration, lithostratigraphy, deformation and metamorphism, the structure of fault, microstructure, the authors in this research summarized the main characteristics of the faults and clarified the structural framework in the area. Besides, the southern boundary of Kunzhong fault zone which has not been recognized has been discussed, and the results show that Wenleng'en fault belongs to the southern boundary of Kunzhong fault zone. This research would provide some reference for the related geological issues.
2021 Vol. 8 (5): 74-83 [Abstract] ( 106 ) RICH HTML PDF (9453 KB)  ( 139 )
84 Confirmation of the granite during Neoproterozoic in Beishan of Gansu Province, and its constraints on the tectonic-evolutional pattern of Beishan orogen
WANG Hongjie, GUO Feng, FENG Naiqi, LIU Jia
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2021.05.10
Beishan is located in Central Asia Belt, and records sighificant information of the Neoproterozoic tectonic evolution. The Neoproterozoic monzogranite was newly confirmed by studying the 1:250 000 Devonian intrusive pluton in Xianshuigou area, Beishan, Gansu Province. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of the monzonitic granite was carried out, the weighted age of 206Pb/238U is (787±15 )Ma. The monzogranite is characterized by high SiO2, low TiO2 , high Al2O3 , rich alkali, and σ and A/CNK is higher than 1.05. LREE is high relative to HREE. (La/Yb)N value is 15.20-23.28, which indicates LREE and HREE are highly differentiated, (La/Sm)N value is 3.14-4.22, which indicates LREE fractionation is large, δEu is negative. Rb, Th, La are high, Nb,P,Ti,Sr are depleted, showing the characteristics of S-type granite. The Neoproterozoic monzonitic granite was formed in the continental collision tectonic environment and located on the edge of Rodinia supercontinent. This magmatic event reflects the continental collision during Neoproterozoic in Beishan.
2021 Vol. 8 (5): 84-94 [Abstract] ( 110 ) RICH HTML PDF (6486 KB)  ( 107 )
95 Characters and risk assessment of hydrocarbons in surface sediments of Sanniang Bay in Guangxi Province
PANG Guotao, YAN Kun, LI Wei
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2021.05.11
In order to study the distribution characteristics and sources of hydrocarbons in the surface sediments of Sanniang Bay in Guangxi Province, the authors have collected five surface sediments samples in October 2019 and analyzed their polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using GC-MSD method. The results showed that the PAHs content was 37~241.8 ng/g, which was generally in a low level, but it markedly increased in recent years. The component analysis on PAHs source indicated that the main source is combustion source and mixed oil source. The ecological risk assessment of PAHs was carried out by the effect interval method, and it was found that the PAHs content was in low risk level. The comprehensive study shows that the overall ecological environment of Sanniang Bay is good, but the impact of human activities on PAHs is obvious and needs to be paid continuous attention.
2021 Vol. 8 (5): 95-100 [Abstract] ( 104 ) RICH HTML PDF (1975 KB)  ( 109 )
101 Study on the hydrogeological conditions and prevention of water invasion hazard in deep engineering of Yingping phosphate mine in Fuquan City of Guizhou Province
PU Kaixing, PU Qinglong, ZENG Fanxiang, CAI Jianlong, REN Yonglin
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2021.05.12
The hydrogeological conditions of Yingping phosphate mining area in Fuquan City were analyzed through the method of analysis and further study. The water-rich areas, where faults, joints and fissures developed near the south wind shaft project, were selected, and the hydrostatic pressure, water level, filling diameter and drainage of underground water were intervened to investigate the recharge funnel formed by pumping and draining and to ascertain the main causes and approaches of water invasion by the deep excavation project. The results show that the drainage of large-caliber boreholes in the water-rich areas with developed faults and joints can achieve the draining effect, which could solve the water invasion hazard and be considered as an effective measure. The prevention and control method has great promoting significance in the construction of similar mines in the region.
2021 Vol. 8 (5): 101-107 [Abstract] ( 108 ) RICH HTML PDF (4128 KB)  ( 172 )
108 Distribution characteristics and risk assessment of water damage disaster in Linqu section of Tai-Qing-Wei natural gas pipeline
ZHANG Chengxin, WEI Longfei, TANG Yao, WANG Yanchao, DAI Xiaoguang, REN Yongjian
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2021.05.13
Based on the investigation and study on the development characteristics of geological disasters in Linqu section of Tai-Qing-Wei natural gas pipeline, the authors in this paper have identified the major type of geological disasters in Linqu section, which is water damage disaster. And it can be divided into three types: slope surface water damage, channel water damage and platform field water damage. During the field investigation of geological disasters, 15 geological disasters were found along the pipeline in Linqu section, including 6 water damage points of slope surface, 4 water damage points of channel and 5 water damage points of platform field. The risk of geological disasters was evaluated by the qualitative and semi-quantitative methods. The results show that there is one section with medium high risk level, accounting for 6.66% and four sections with medium risk level, accounting for 26.67%, ten sections with medium low risk level, accounting for 66.67%. According to the landform, development density and risk level of geological disasters along the pipeline, the medium and low risk areas are 61 km and 10 km respectively, and along the pipeline, there are mainly medium risk areas. According to the different types and risk levels of geological disasters, the corresponding prevention and reduction measures are put forward, which provides an effective technical basis for the safe operation of the pipeline and risk management decision-making about it.
2021 Vol. 8 (5): 108-114 [Abstract] ( 101 ) RICH HTML PDF (2846 KB)  ( 175 )
115 Study on thermophysical properties of silty clay in Guanzhong Basin, Shaanxi Province
XUE Shengze, ZHOU Yang, LIU Jianqiang
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2021.05.14
The shallow geothermal energy resources in Guanzhong Basin are very rich, but the exploitation degree still needs to be improved. The engineering characteristics of soil are determined by the thermophysical properties, which has a great impact on the basic theories and development methods during the development and utilization of shallow geothermal energy. Through the laboratory tests of thermophysical properties of silty clay in Xi'an, Xianyang, Weinan and Baoji, and the analysis of experimental data, the authors revealed the macroscopic variation rules of specific heat capacity, thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity. The results show that, the thermal conductivity of silty clay is 0.82 to 2.65 W/(m·k), the thermal diffusivity is 0.001 28 to 0.004 86 m2/h, and the specific heat capacity is 0.77 to 1.53 kJ/(kg·K). With the increase of water content, the thermal conductivity shows a decrease trend, and its value range becomes narrow. The specific heat capacity decreases with the increase of thermal diffusivity in general. The thermal diffusivity increases linearly with thermal conductivity, and the correlation coefficients are all high. This research would provide some theoretical basis for the development of shallow geothermal energy in engineering practice process.
2021 Vol. 8 (5): 115-121 [Abstract] ( 160 ) RICH HTML PDF (6330 KB)  ( 119 )
122 Research on geological environmental impact assessment and rehabilitation of the mine: Taking an abandoned open pit mine in Wenchuan as an example
LI Fuyong, TANG Yao, ZHANG Chengxin, YANG Li, FAN Dongli
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2021.05.15
The normal production and operation activities of mines will inevitably create certain mine geological environmental problems. In order to fully implement the thoughts on ecological civilization and firmly establish the concept of “green water and green mountains are golden mountains and silver mountains”, the research should be based on local conditions and take multiple measures to carry out the restoration of the geological environment of abandoned open-pit mines, in accordance with the overall requirements of restoring the ecology and taking into account the landscape. According to the relevant specifications and requirements of mine geological environmental protection and restoration, the authors have taken an abandoned open-pit mine in Wenchuan as an example to introduce the factors affecting the mine geological environment from the perspective of the mine environment. Besides, the geological environment impact assessment of the stability of the stope slope, the site and the waste slag slope, the destruction of topography and landscape was also evaluated, and three basic mine geological environmental protection and restoration prevention areas were divided, namely the key, secondary and general. The results show that the stope slope and the waste slag slope are stable, the stability of the site is poor, and the impact of topography and landscape and the degree of damage are moderate. The mine geological environmental protection and restoration treatment in this area can be divided into general prevention and treatment area and more serious prevention and treatment area. The general prevention and treatment area is about 554 m2, where there were no mining geological disasters induced by activities, no residents in the affected area, no threatened objects, no leakage of surface water in the mining area and surrounding areas, and the impact of mining activities on the water and soil environment is small without effect on the living water supply in the mining area and surrounding areas. The more serious prevention and treatment area is 186 m2, where the possibility of geological disasters in the mining area and the affected area is small, and the topography and landscape impact and damage are serious. According to the evaluation results, the authors in this paper have put forward the repair suggestions such as “pumice removal + removal of construction waste, block stone + vegetation reconstruction”, which provide important technical basis for the green mining and geological environmental protection in the same type of mines.
2021 Vol. 8 (5): 122-128 [Abstract] ( 118 ) RICH HTML PDF (1922 KB)  ( 225 )
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