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2023 Vol. 10, No. 5
Published: 2023-10-20
1
Review on the progress of prospecting for three types of rare mineral resources in China and suggestions for the new round of prospecting
WANG Denghong, LIU Shanbao, WANG Chenghui, YU Yang, ZHAO Zhi, DAI Hongzhang
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2023.05.01
Three types of rare mineral resources include rare earth, rare metal and rare-scattered mineral resources, and their safe supply is relevant to the development and growth of strategic emerging industries of China. In recent years, China has made a series of new progress in prospecting for the three types of rare mineral resources. For example, the project team of the authors made the following progress in 2023. Firstly, a number of high grade and large- thickness veins of bastnaesite - fluorite - barite - calcite have been discovered in the periphery of Maoniuping ultra-large deposit in Mianning of Sichuan Province. Secondly, the ore bodies containing spodumene pegmatite have been drilled in the periphery of Jiada large deposit in Sichuan Province. These new discoveries will provide resource assurance for the development of strategic emerging industries of China. However, key rare metals such as lithium, niobium and tantalum are still relied on import in China. At present, numerous theoretical problems still exist in the investigation and research of the three types of rare mineral resources in China (such as genesis of the key typical deposits, spatial distribution of three types of rare mineral resources, etc.), and many bottlenecks are present in related technical areas, such as the detection technology, co-associated resources mining, beneficiation and smelting technology. In order to improve the comprehensive development and utilization of the three types of rare mineral resources and achieve results in the implementation of the new round of prospecting breakthrough strategy, the authors suggest strengthening the comprehensive study on the state of occurrence, industrial and genetic types, metallogenic models and exploration models of the three types of rare mineral resources.
2023 Vol. 10 (5): 1-8 [
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133
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9
Discovery of the bastnaesite-fluorite-barite-calcite type REE ore in the periphery of Maoniuping deposit in Sichuan Province and its significance
ZHAO Zhi, WANG Denghong, LIU Shanbao, WANG Wei, YU Yang, JI Debao, HE Bin, YU Feng, MIAO Hao, BAN Xiyu, JIN Yanan
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2023.05.02
Maoniuping deposit is the third largest rare earth element(REE) deposit in the world after Bayan Obo in China and Mountain Pass in the United States. Recently, a new ore-prospecting break was made in the periphery of Maoniuping deposit, and two types of thick and rich concealed rare earth ore bodies have been discovered under Quaternary sediments (more than 50 m thick) in Longjiagou area. The first type is the bastnaesite-aegirene-fluorite-barite, and the second type is the bastnaesite-fluorite-barite-calcite. The total thickness (apparent thickness) of the bastnaesite-fluorite-barite-calcite type vein exceeds 100 m, and the average REE grade is 4.6%. The X-ray diffraction analysis result shows that the ore was mainly composed of calcite (40%~75%), fluorite (25%~58%), barite (5%~25%) and bastnaesite (1%~16%). Based on the texture, structure and mineral composition of the ore, the authors divided its formation process into two stages. The ore in the early stage was mainly medium coarse granular structure, and massive structure and taxitic structure, while the ore in the late stage was medium-fine grain brecciform structure and flow structure. The discovery of this new type of ore body with high-grade, easy to mining and beneficiation is an important breakthrough in rare earth mineral exploration since the implementation of the new round of prospecting breakthrough strategy. It is suggested that further geological prospecting for REE ore of bastnaesite-fluorite- barite-calcite type should be undertaken in Maoniuping mining area and its periphery.
2023 Vol. 10 (5): 9-16 [
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98
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17
Establishment and application of technology for hot dry rock geothermal reservoir comprehensive evaluation
DU Shuyan, SUN Xin, QIN Canglin, DU Huanfu, WANG Chunwei, LIU Guihua
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2023.05.03
Geothermal energy has the characteristics of clean, low-carbon, environmental and stable. As a new environment-friendly resource, hot dry rock geothermal energy is expected to promote the diversification of energy structure. The comprehensive logging evaluation techniques for the target block of Archean hot dry rock geothermal reservoir were conducted. And a method was established by using multiple logging information wells for lithology identification, reservoir division, and formation temperature evaluation, based on the lithological characteristics and reservoir development characteristics. On the basis of core and cuttings logging data analysis, the identification and division of lithology were carried out by using the analysis of differences in logging curve characteristics of different lithology and intuitive intersection plots. Besides, a recognition method for hot dry rock geothermal reservoir was formed, and reservoir classification standards were established, combined with various logging information such as conventional logging, imaging logging, and dipole array acoustic logging. The calculation of formation temperature was calculated by time lapse measurement of well tempetature. The applicability and effectiveness of this logging evaluation method has been proven in practical applications, providing technical support for effective development of hot dry rocks.
2023 Vol. 10 (5): 17-26 [
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63
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27
Name determination and reservoir characteristics of diamictite in a certain oilfield of Bohai Bay Basin
CHENG Junyang, HE Xianke, DUAN Dongping, WANG Yue, WANG Wenji
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2023.05.04
Diamictite has gradually become an important type of oil and gas reservoir through exploration and development practice. But there are some basic and controversial problems during diamictite research, such as the concept of diamictite, which generally refers to the sedimentary mixing of terrigenous clasts and carbonate. In addition, can it still be defined as the diamictite after mixing pyroclastic rock or other lithologic components? A complex lithology was discovered during the process of studying Es1 member reservoir of a certain oilfield in Bohai Bay Basin, and it was consisted of terrigenous sedimentary glutenite, bioclastic dolomite of carbonate origin and sedimentary tuff of pyroclastic origin. So, it was determined as a generalized diamictite through petrological characteristics and genetic analysis, and its reservoir characteristics were studied from the aspects of reservoir physical properties and pore structure. The results show that the reservoir is characterized by low porosity and low permeability, but the diamictite reservoir heterogeneity is strong, so it could be a high-quality reservoir with locally developed desserts. The study on the definition of the diamictite name and reservoir characteristics in this paper is an effective expansion and supplement to the basic research of diamictite.
2023 Vol. 10 (5): 27-33 [
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56
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34
Characteristics and utilization route discussion of quartz sandstone in Muchuan area of Sichuan Province
ZHANG Hangfei, HAN Xiaoying, YANG Linlong, ZHONG Qiangsheng, CHEN Dongfang
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2023.05.05
The quartz sandstone reserves in Muchuan area of Sichuan Province are huge and the mining technology is good. The raw ore samples from the mine tunnel and the industrial products from the mine pilot test base were collected for geochemical, schist ore identification and flow conductivity testing. The characteristics of quartz sandstone in Muchuan area were studied and the exploitation and utilization ways were discussed. The ore is mainly medium-grained lithic quartz sandstone with dense massive structure, and the mineral composition of the ore is dominated by terrigenous debris such as quartz and siliceous rock debris, with a small amount of interstitial materials such as clay and quartz cement. The breakage rate of 40/70 mesh industrial grade quartz sand samples is 9.05% under the condition of 28 Mpa closing pressure, and the conductivity capacity is 1.12 μm
2
·cm under the closure pressure of 70 Mpa, which meets the requirements of the conductivity of the main fracture of shale gas wells in Sichuan Basin. There are four applications of quartz sandstone ore products in Muchuan area, including phosphorus chemical industry, glass industry, molding sand for casting, and fracturing proppant. It is necessary to strengthen the evaluation of quartz sandstone fracturing proppant, and comprehensively develop and utilize quartz sandstone mineral resources in Muchuan arca to ensure the sand source localization of the proppant industry.
2023 Vol. 10 (5): 34-42 [
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125
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43
Metallogenic regularity and prospecting prediction geological model of Qingchengzi ore concentration area in Eastern Liaoning Province
GENG Shufeng
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2023.05.06
Qingchengzi ore concentration area is located in the northern margin of North China Block and the central segment of Liaodong Rift Belt, and contains a great many medium and large ore deposits of lead-zinc, gold, and silver. In order to deeply understand the spatial distribution differences of lead-zinc, gold, and silver ore deposits in the ore concentration area and the migration direction of ore-forming hydrothermal fluids, the authors summarized the temporal and spatial distribution patterns of the deposits, based on the collection and organization of previous research results. The results show that the mineralization age of lead-zinc deposits is concentrated between 225 and 221 Ma, while the mineralization age of gold and silver deposits is concentrated between 238 and 197 Ma. Spatially, lead zinc ore, silver ore, and gold ore are successively produced outward from Shuangdinggou rock mass in Indosinian period as the center. The trace elements research indicates that the migration direction of ore-forming fluids is centered around Diannan - Zhenzigou area, moving towards the east and west sides and along the fault. Based on the study of the mineralization laws in the ore concentration area, and combined with recent field geological surveys, the authors established a preliminary geological model for prospecting prediction in Qingchengzi ore concentration area, wich could provide new ideas for promoting further prospecting work in the area.
2023 Vol. 10 (5): 43-49 [
Abstract
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62
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50
Analysis of tectonic characteristics and regional tectonic evolution of Southern Gaoshan exploration area in Yiluo coalfield
HUANG Lan, CAI Huanhua, FENG Shaoping, ZHAO Yujie, SONG Weili, LIANG Lingxiao
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2023.05.07
Southern Gaoshan exploration area of Yiluo coalfield belongs to Mianlin depression area in North China Platform, with relatively developed fault structures. In order to clarify the structural characteristics of the exploration area in Southern Gaoshan and the influence on coal seam, the authors discussed the structural characteristics and tectonic evolution regularity of the exploration area, based on the comprehensive analysis of 2D seismic data, drilling data and field geological data. It is considered that the tectonic deformation in the area mainly includes three stages: Indosinian, Yanshanian and Himalayan. The fault structures mainly include the nearly EW trending faults in Indosinian Period, NW-trending nappe faults in Late Yanshanian and NE-trending tensile faults in Himalayan, which have greatly damaged the coal seams in the exploration area. The phenomenon of “two-storey building” exists in the 2-1 coal in the east of the exploration area. This research could provide new ideas and prospecting target areas for the further findings of coal resources in Yiluo coal field.
2023 Vol. 10 (5): 50-56 [
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68
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57
Magmatism and tectonic evolution of metamorphic basement in Carajás area of Brazil
ZENG Yong, LIU Yi, GUO Weimin, SHEN Mangting, XU Ming
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2023.05.08
The Archean metamorphic basement is developed in Carajás area of Brazil, which is one of the most abundant mineral deposits and the highest degree of resource accumulation deposits in the world. A large amount of charnockite, (trondhjemite-tonalite-granodiorite,TTG) rock series and metamorphic plutons that haven't completely disintegrated exsit in the crystalline basement of Archean granite-greenstone, with large perception diffe-rence. The correct division and fine study of igneous rocks are important means to further understand the evolution of South American Craton. Based on the investigation of metamorphic basement intrusive rocks, and combined with previous data, the authors decomposed it into the charnockite of Paleoarchean, the mafic-ultramafic rocks and the TTG gneiss suite of Mesoarchean, and the mafic-ultramafic rocks, the TTG gneiss suite, the syntectonic granite and the post-tectonic granite of Neoarchean, and the alkaline granite of Paleoproterozoic. The granitic plutons in Carajás area were comprehensively analyzed with geological, geochemical and geochronological methods. The
207
Pb/
206
Pb surface ages of granite by Zircon U-Pb method is concentrated in three periods: 2 899~2 831 Ma, 2 742~2 622 Ma and 1 919 Ma. After the formation of continental nucleus in Paleoarchean and continental hyperplasia in Mesoarchean, South America craton experienced two stage cratonic consolidation process in Late Archaean and Paleoproterozoic, and it began to destroyed in Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic. Comparing the similarities and differences between North China Craton and South America Craton, the authors presumed that the mechanism of tectonic evolution was controlled by mantle plume tectonics in the early continental tectonics, and transformed into tectonics accretion mechanism dominated by plate motion. This research is beneficial to deepening knowledge and comparison of metallogenic process and its effects in ore concentrate area.
2023 Vol. 10 (5): 57-70 [
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221
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71
The constraints of captured zircon ages from Mesozoic diorite porphyrite vein in Guichi area of Anhui Province on the basement nature of Jiangnan transitional zone
WANG Cunzhi, ZHANG Xiang, HUANG Zhizhong, SONG Shiming, JU Dongmei, CHU Pingli
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2023.05.09
Jiangnan transitional zone is located in the northern margin of Jiangnan Orogenic belt of the lower Yangtze area. In order to investigate the basal nature of Jiangnan transitional zone, the authors conducted U-Pb chronology and Hf isotope analysis on captured zircons developed in the Mesozoic diorite porphyrite vein of Huazhili village in Guizhi area. The results show that these zircons have a relatively scattered age distribution, and the age-weighted average of the five primary zircons is (147.7±2.2) Ma, indicating the age of the vein formation. Except for the oldest one with the age of (3 263±44) Ma, the captured zircon ages are mainly distributed in 850~712 Ma, 1 346~1 139 Ma, 2 283~1 828 Ma and 2 944~2 302 Ma, which are consistent with the distribution ages of detrital zircons in Dongling Group of middle and lower reaches of Changjiang River. The zircon Hf isotopic compositions are similar to those in Dongling Group and Kongling Group rocks, which are different from the basement rocks of Jiangnan orogenic belt, indicating the existence of “Jiangbei” basement in this area. At the same time, Changzhou-Chongyang Fault cannot be used as the boundary between “Jiangbei” and “Jiangnan” basement in Lower Yangtze area, and it is predicted that the boundary is located in Jiangnan Fault, which is more to the south. This new understanding helps us to deepen our understanding of the tectonic pattern of Lower Yangtze area.
2023 Vol. 10 (5): 71-81 [
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59
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82
Heavy metal elements distribution in the surface soil of coastal wetland in Southern Laizhou Bay and ecological risk assessment
YU Xingchen, ZHANG Jiahao, WANG Qingtong, WANG Haigen, YANG Peng, MAO Fangsong, ZHAI Rujia
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2023.05.10
In order to explore the distribution and ecological risk of heavy metal elements in the surface water of coastal wetland in Southern Laizhou Bay, the authors collected 105 surface soil samples to analyze the contents of 8 heavy metal elements, including Cu, Cr, Zn, Ni, As, Pb, Cd and Hg. The soil pollution was evaluated through Nemerow comprehensive pollution index method and Hakanson potential ecological risk index method. The results show that the contents of the heavy metal elements in this area exceeded the standard, and Nemerow comprehensive pollution index show the overall pollution is moderate. The correlation analysis show that there is a significant positive correlation between the contents of heavy metal elements in the study area. The source of Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and As is related to industrial and agricultural production and transportation activities, and the source of Cr and Ni is mainly influenced by geological background and geochemistry. Besides, the source of Hg is mainly influenced by atmospheric deposition. The single factor potential ecological risk degree of heavy metal elements in the surface soil of the study area was Hg>Cd>As>Cu>Pb>Ni>Cr>Zn. Hg was at the level of comparatively heavy risk, and Cd was at the level of moderate risk. While other heavy metal elements were at the level of low risk, and most of the studied areas are moderate and low potential ecological risks. It is suggested that the early warning of heavy metal pollution should be strengthened in the later stage and remediation restoration measures should be developed. The research results could provide some data support for soil remediation and ecological environment protection.
2023 Vol. 10 (5): 82-90 [
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100
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91
Research on water source protection based on Visual MODFLOW groundwater numerical simulation
CAO Zhendong, TAN Tingjing, YANG Mingxing, SONG Xiaoqing, PU Xiuchao
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2023.05.11
Clarifying the migration conditions of groundwater is the key basis for the protection of urban groundwater sources. In order to serve the sustainable development of the groundwater source in Shenyang, the authors constructed the hydrogeological conceptual model and groundwater numerical model according to the hydrogeological conditions of the study area. The Visual MODFLOW software was used to solve the model, and the model parameters were identified and verified based on the water level data of observation well. The range of groundwater funnel and the depth of water level drop after water source operation were analyzed according to the corrected numerical model, and the water level recovery after the stop-mining of water source was simulated and predicted. The results showed that the total recharge of groundwater aquifer in the study area was 62 230 m
3
/d, and the total discharge was 63 400 m
3
/d, with equilibrium difference of -1 170 m
3
/d. And groundwater dynamic was in a negative equilibrium state for many years. Through the prediction of the confined aquifer situation after 2 a, 5 a and 10 a of water source exploitation, the water level decreased by an average of 6 m, 8 m and 9 m respectively, and the area of the central funnel area was 54.56 km
2
, 65.04 km
2
and 65.80 km
2
respectively. The funnel expanded rapidly in the early stage of mining, and then the speed gradually slowed down. The exploitation of confined aquifer in the water source had a certain impact on the surrounding flow field, but this impact was mainly obvious during the mining period, and the funnel area gradually recovered after one year of stop-pumping. It is suggested that the exploitation amount should be strictly controlled and the monitoring and management of groundwater should be strengthened for the sustainable utilization and protection of water source. The prediction results could provide some technical support for water source protection.
2023 Vol. 10 (5): 91-98 [
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80
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99
Remote sensing investigation and development distribution regularity of collapse and landslide geological hazard potentials along National Highway 219
LIU Wen, WANG Meng, WANG Peng, LUO Feng, HE Zhijie, YU Tianbin
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2023.05.12
National Highway 219 starts from Yecheng County of Kashgar Area in Xinjiang in the north and ends at Lazi County of Shigatse City in Tibet in the south. The terrain conditions along National Highway 219 are complex, and the climate is harsh, with sparse population. The field survey is difficult to carry out and the remote sensing technology is one of the indispensable means for studying geohazard potentials in this area. The remote sensing interpretation signs of collapse-landslide geohazard potentials are established according to the hue, shape, texture and shadow characteristics of remote sensing images. A total of 126 collapse and landslide geohazard potentials were identified along National Highway 219, including 39 rock landslide potentials, 6 soil landslide potentials and 81 rock collapse potentials. Based on the characteristics of slope angle, rock (soil) type, geological structure and slope structure, the authors analyzed the influencing factors and spatial distribution of couapse and landslide geohazard potentials to divide four concentrated distribution areas, namely Saga concentrated distribution area (I), Suode-Tangre concentrated distribution area (II), Risong-Duoma concentrated distribution area (III) and West Kunlun concentrated distribution area (IV). The collapse-landslide geohazard potentials on the upper position of the slope have the characteristics of high-locality chain disasters, and these geohazard potentials have characteristics of strong concealment, long runout and strong destructiveness, and we should pay more attention to the study of such disasters. This research could provide some references for disaster prevention, mitigation and important engineering construction planning along National Highway 219.
2023 Vol. 10 (5): 99-108 [
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66
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109
Geological hazard risk assessment based on AHP-information coupling model: A case study of Wu'an City in Hebei Province
HU Xianzhen, FU Shaojie, CHI Hongqing, ZHANG Huijun, ZHANG Zhifei
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2023.05.13
The geological structure of Wu'an city is complicated, with intense human engineering activities and developed geological disasters, which seriously threatens the life and property safety of local residents. On the basis of 1∶50 000 geological disaster risk survey data and ArcGIS platform, the authors chose Wu'an City as the study area and adopted a weighted information volume model which includes AHP and information coupling, to construct a risk assessment system based on grid unit. According to different disaster types, different evaluation factors were selected to carry out the susceptibility assessment, and danger assessment was carried out based on the superimposed rainfall factor as well as the susceptibility assessment results. Population, buildings, traffic facilities and other factors were selected to construct the vulnerability model of disaster bearing body. Based on the assessment results of danger and vulnerability, the matrix analysis method was used to complete the risk assessment. At the same time, combined with the characteristics of potential disasters and the actual risk management, the risk zoning was optimized by using the raster generalization function. The results showed that the high risk area was mainly distributed in the north of Huoshui Village and Guantao Village, covering an area of 101.25 km
2
, accounting for 5.61%. The medium risk area was mainly distributed in Guantao Village, Majiazhuang Village and Mine Town, with an area of 796.48 km
2
, accounting for 44.10%. The low risk area was mainly distributed in the gentle terrain such as Yicheng Town and Datong Town, covering an area of 908.27 km
2
, accounting for 50.29%. The evaluation results could provide a basis for disaster prevention and reduction management, territorial space planning and utilization control in Wu'an City, and have certain reference significance for other regions to choose reasonable evaluation methods based on their own actual conditions.
2023 Vol. 10 (5): 109-117 [
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47
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118
Evaluation of ecological restoration effect of large waste dump in Xuejiawan-Longkou open-pit coal mine based on AHP-TOPSIS method
CHAI Chenhui, QIN Yueqiang, WANG Zhimin, SUN Yufei, LI Pengwei, XIN Kai, ZHANG Xin
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2023.05.14
Waste dump restoration is one of the key points restricting the breakthrough progress of mine ecological restoration. In order to further optimize the technical combination of waste dump ecological restoration, and support mine ecological restoration and green mine construction, the authors in this paper chose 5 waste dump sectors with different restoration technologies as the study case. Nine evaluation indexes in the categories of ecological benefit and economic benefit were selected and AHP and TOPSIS methods were used to construct a comprehensive evaluation system and determine the final weight and conduct comprehensive evaluation. The results showed that the optimal solution for waste dump restoration in the study area was using the engineering measures as flat soil covering + water retaining cofferdam + slope shaping + strip seeding technology, and the vegetation measures as willow + cladawang + grass luteus + alfalfa + ice grass + laomangmai. During the process of mine ecological restoration effect evaluation, using the qualitative and quantitative evaluation methods could better reflect the ecological restoration effect and provide support for the scientific evaluation of ecological restoration effect.
2023 Vol. 10 (5): 118-127 [
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56
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128
3D spatial distribution of Quaternary sedimentary strata in Zhengzhou
WANG Yongcheng, ZHANG Bingchen, LI Qingkang, REN Liping, XU Lianfeng, SONG Lei, FAN Xiaolei
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2023.05.15
The study of the spatial distribution characteristics and law of Quaternary sedimentary strata in Zhengzhou is closely related to the birth and development of early human civilization along Yellow River, especially in the surrounding areas of Zhengzhou. And, it also plays an important supporting role in modern urban planning and layout, underground space development and utilization, as well as the ecological protection and high-quality development of Yellow River. Thus, the geological tourism and geological cultural resources survey was carried out in Zhengzhou, and 38 sedimentary boreholes were drilled in the main urban area of Zhengzhou and different geomorphic units around it, including 9 deep boreholes exposing Quaternary period. Based on the results of deep drilling and existing HKGA borehole exploration results, the authors established the standard stratigraphic columns of various geomorphic units, through accurately dividing the Quaternary sedimentary stratigraphic structure of each borehole. By analyzing and comparing the changing characteristics of sedimentary strata in these different geomorphic units, the authors obtained the understanding and empirical evidence, that is aeolian sedimentation was commonly present in Early and Middle Pleistocene in the eastern plain area, and it transformed into river and lacustrine facies sedimentation in Late Pleistocene. Based on the analysis of sediment source characteristics, it has indirectly confirmed that the sedimentation time of Yellow River sediment in this area may have started from the Late Pleistocene period.
2023 Vol. 10 (5): 128-134 [
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65
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