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2021 Vol. 8, No. 4
Published: 2021-08-20
 
1 Analysis of the role of geological survey on the roadmap design for realizing the goal of carbon emissions peak and carbon neutrality
LI Cai, GUO Chaobin, LI Xia, YANG Lichao, REN Fang, HE Qingcheng
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2021.04.01
China has committed to peak carbon dioxide emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060, which is a national grand strategy for China in 2020. However, it is an extremely big challenge to realize these goals considering China’s current huge CO2 emissions and energy consumption structure. The authors introduced the global carbon cycle and analyzed the contributions of carbon sources and sinks to the atmospheric CO2 concentration. Besides, the roal and possible contributions of geological survey on promoting carbon emissions peak and carbon neutrality were analyzed from two aspects, which were reducing CO2 emissions and increasing CO2 sinks, and the corresponding geological route was also put forward. Although the natural ecological carbon sinks are important, it is still impossible to eliminate all artificial CO2 emissions, with some indeterminacy. Therefore, geological survey potential and the geological sink potential should be fully exerted to be an indispensable support for realizing the carbon neutrality goal.
2021 Vol. 8 (4): 1-12 [Abstract] ( 175 ) RICH HTML PDF (5544 KB)  ( 870 )
13 Roles and suggestions of terrestrial ecosystem carbon sink in achieving carbon emission peak and carbon neutrality in China
WANG Guosheng, SUN Tao, ZAN Guosheng, WANG Bang, KONG Xiangji
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2021.04.02
Achieving carbon emission peak before 2030 and carbon neutrality before 2060 in China (refer as “double carbon”objectives) is a solemn commitment to international community, which has been categorized into ecological civilization construction. Ecosystem carbon sink is an important way to achieving “double carbon” objectives and the certain requirement of high quality development of forest and grassland. The carbon storage and carbon cycle of global forest, grassland and wetland has been evaluated by international agencies. The countries listing in Appendix 1 (developed countries and transitional economies of OECD in Appendix 1 of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) have estimated the carbon emission and carbon sink in their own countries, and compiled the annual GHG lists. Besides, China has also launched five times of GHG lists, which have provided the foundation for dealing with climate change in China. During the process of establishing route maps and time tables of “double carbon” objectives, the authors suggested that not only the temporal and spatial differences between ecological carbon sink and carbon emission from energy and industry activities should be considered, but also the special features of ecological carbon sink and carbon emission. Ecological carbon sink is not the necessary option of carbon emission peak, but it is the necessary option of carbon neutrality. Ecological carbon sink should be consistent with the basic principles of the national “double carbon” objectives, and it also should be the main objectives of ecosystem construction and protection project. Besides, the carbon sink survey and measurement ability should be improved, and the carbon market and financing mechanism should also be perfected.
2021 Vol. 8 (4): 13-19 [Abstract] ( 222 ) RICH HTML PDF (1671 KB)  ( 1217 )
20 Progresses on carbon sequestration through carbonation of mafic-ultramafic rocks
QIU Tian, ZENG Lingsen, SHEN Tingting
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2021.04.03
Global warming caused by man-made CO2 emission has posed a great threat to the survival and the development of human beings. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is regarded as a generally accepted technique for reducing CO2 emission worldwide. As one of geological carbon sinks, carbonation of mafic-ultramafic rocks is an economic, safe and permanent method to capture and store atmospheric CO2, which has attracted increasing attention from the international community in recent years. The authors have described the carbonation process of mafic-ultramafic rocks under natural conditions, and illustrated the carbon sequestration mechanism and the major factors affecting the rate of carbonation of mafic-ultramafic rocks. Besides, the international research progresses and typical application projects of carbon sequestration through mafic-ultramafic rocks were summarized, and the wide spread of carbonation of mafic-ultramafic rocks around the world was considered to be high potential of carbon sequestration. The promotion and application of this technique has great significance to the reduction of atmospheric CO2 in the near future.
2021 Vol. 8 (4): 20-32 [Abstract] ( 170 ) RICH HTML PDF (8946 KB)  ( 119 )
33 Hydrogen energy development strategy and its important significance at home and abroad
WANG Pengfei, JIANG Chongxin, MA Bing
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2021.04.04
In order to cope with global climate change, enrich energy supply approaches and achieve carbon neutrality, a majority of developed countries and regions around the world have formulated their own hydrogen energy strategies in 2020, and promoted the hydrogen energy industry development to the height of national energy strategies, aiming at achieving CO2 emission reduction goals between 2030 and 2050. The authors in this paper have elaborated on the hydrogen energy development strategies in each country, the role of hydrogen energy development in solving energy security and ecological security, and the technical route of hydrogen energy production and the related economic and social benefits. Besides, the role of geological work in the deployment and implementation of national hydrogen energy strategy has also been described in detail: ① Exploration and exploitation of fossil energy sources such as natural gas and shale gas should be enhanced to ensure sufficient sources of raw materials for hydrogen production; ② It’s necessary to explore the meservoir and caproct syin the carbonarg produce; ③ Large-scale geological storage of hydrogen, such as underground salt caverns and abandoned reservoirs storage of hydrogen, has also play an important role. According to the national conditions, China should strive to develop the integrated industrial chain from hydrogen production by coal gasification to CO2 pipeline transportation, and then to CO2 flooding and geological storage, to achieve both economic and social benefits, which would also provide some reference for promoting hydrogen energy development strategy.
2021 Vol. 8 (4): 33-39 [Abstract] ( 146 ) RICH HTML PDF (2150 KB)  ( 698 )
40 Estimation of karst carbon sink fluxes and manual intervention to increase carbon sinks in China
ZHANG Chunlai, HUANG Fen, PU Junbing, CAO Jianhua
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2021.04.05
China is a country with a large area of karst. It is an important part of the terrestrial carbon cycle that the absorption of CO2 from soil or atmosphere by karstification would form dissolved inorganic carbon and discharge it to the ocean along rivers. The mechanism, influencing factors and measurement methods of karst carbon sinks have been ascertained by China Geological Survey since the exploratory investigation of karst carbon sinks in 2009.`The results show that the huge potential of karst carbon sinks in China has been revealed by the carbonate rock dissolution tablets, runoff-water chemistry and regression models. The important measures of manual intervention to increase karst carbon sinks include vegetation restoration, soil improvement, allogenic water irrigation, and aquatic plants cultivation. The application of basin-scale karst carbon cycle and carbon sink effect investigation technology has promoted a series of results in the theory, investigation, monitoring technology and platform construction of the karst carbon cycle and carbon sink effect evaluation by geological survey. However, there are still major challenges in the measurement, verification, and manual intervention of karst carbon sinks to sequester and increase carbon sinks, which would need to be tackled and improved during the 14th Five-Year Plan period to meet the goal of geological carbon sinks serving carbon neutrality.
2021 Vol. 8 (4): 40-52 [Abstract] ( 225 ) RICH HTML PDF (3919 KB)  ( 241 )
53 Main progress in investigation, development and utilization of marine carbon-free energy in China
XUE Biying, CHEN Bin, ZOU Liang
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2021.04.06
Ocean renewable energy is a carbon-free energy, including tidal energy, tidal current energy, wave energy, thermal gradient energy, salinity gradient energy and wind energy. With the rapid development of society, the demand for energy has been increasing and the development and utilization of marine energy has been paid more attention to around the world. The authors of this paper have introduced the development and utilization conditions, the existing problems and the prospects of marine energy in China. The development and utilization of marine energy is in conformance to the requirements of carbon neutral development and would play an important role in energy conversion, which is of great strategic significance to the coastal and island economic development, ecological environment protection and marine national defense construction.
2021 Vol. 8 (4): 53-65 [Abstract] ( 206 ) RICH HTML PDF (5232 KB)  ( 315 )
66 Deep-sea carbon cycle under high pressure and its impacts on life activities
LIU Liangting, XIAO Xiang
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2021.04.07
Currently, about 25% of CO2 from fossil fuel sources has been absorbed by the oceans, which mitigated the impact of human activities on climate change. The oceans transported CO2 from the atmosphere to the deep sea through several conceptual carbon pumps. The high pressure and low temperatures of the deep sea could facilitate the dissolution of CO2, and the oceans have stored inorganic carbon equivalent to 50 times of that in the atmosphere currently. Besides, the large amounts of methane hydrates have been stored in deep-sea sediments. Understanding the carbon cycle process in the deep sea is important to protect the carbon sequestration capacity and develop the carbon sequestration potential of the ocean. The authors have summarized the domestic and international researches on ocean carbon reservoirs and carbon deliveries, focusing on the process of the carbon cycle in the deep sea and the impacts of high pressure on life activities. The microorganisms drive the deep-sea carbon cycle, and the most of the organic carbon containing in phytoplankton is mineralized to CO2 by microorganisms during sedimentation or converted to refractory organic carbon, which makes the deep sea to be a vast and long-turnover time reservoir of organic carbon. The high pressure could increase the activity of archaeal methane anaerobic oxidation and enhance the ability to shield methane release from the seafloor. Besides, the process of methane oxidation under high pressure produces bicarbonate, and acetic acid which can support heterotrophs, so the global budget of methane anaerobic oxidation may be underestimated. The additional production of ammonia from cellular metabolism under high pressure could serve as a potential energy source for inorganic carbon fixation by ammonia-oxidizing archaea. Therefore, it is urgent for deepening our understanding of the deep-sea carbon cycle and other elemental cycles to investigate the impact of present and future human activities on deep-sea carbon cycle processes and environmental effects, and to assess the possibility of applying the deep sea as a geoengineering technology platform to sequester CO2.
2021 Vol. 8 (4): 66-78 [Abstract] ( 137 ) RICH HTML PDF (2506 KB)  ( 84 )
79 Research advance of forest carbon sink assessment methods and carbon sequestration potential estimation under carbon neutral vision
LI Haikui
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2021.04.08
Under the carbon neutral vision, strengthening the carbon sequestration function of forests is the most economical and effective way to offset and absorb carbon emissions. Accurate assessment of forest carbon sink and prediction of the forest carbon sequence potential can help to quantify the contribution of forests in tackling climate change and achieving carbon neutral vision. However, the lower accuracy and higher uncertainty always exist in the forest carbon sequestration assessment, because of the universality of forest distribution, the complexity of forest ecosystem structure, the under representation of survey data and the difference of methodology. After defining the basic concepts of forest carbon storage, carbon sink and carbon sequestration potential, the forest carbon sequestration assessment methods have been introduced from the perspectives of forest definition, spatial and temporal scale, carbon pool selection and its basic methods. Besides, the main characteristics, problems, advantages and disadvantages of various methods were also analyzed. The forest carbon sequestration potential methods have been reviewed based on the area and growth scenarios. The research results about the forest carbon sequestration potential in recent 10 years have been analyzed emphatically, and the annual carbon sequestration potential of China’s forest vegetation will reach about 169 million tons and 148 million tons in 2030 and 2060, respectively. Finally, the future development trend of forest carbon sink assessment methods and carbon sequestration potential prediction was discussed, and it may provide some reference for forest carbon sink assessment and carbon sequestration potential prediction under different spatial and temporal scales.
2021 Vol. 8 (4): 79-86 [Abstract] ( 480 ) RICH HTML PDF (1196 KB)  ( 2214 )
87 Evaluation methods of underground space utilization for CO2 geological storage in deep saline aquifers
DIAO Yujie, MA Xin, LI Xufeng, ZHANG Chenglong, LIU Ting
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2021.04.09
CO2 geological storage in deep saline aquifers is an important supporting technology to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality in China, and it is also a technology of deep underground space development and utilization. The deep underground space for CO2 geological storage in deep saline aquifers should be comprehensively evaluated on the basis of three-level boundaries, including CO2 plume, perturbation boundary and economic condition. In this paper, the only deep saline aquifers storage project in China—the Ordos CCS demonstration project of National Energy Group have been taken as a case study. Based on the monitoring of CO2 plume at the storage site and the prediction of perturbation boundary and the prediction of perturbation boundary, the authors have comprehensively affirmed that the 4 basic units of latitude 1' × longitude 1' of the project could be utilized as the boundary of CCS demonstration project. While the top of Zhifang Formation (about 958 m in depth) could be the top boundary, and the seal depth of 2 800 m is the bottom boundary of storage body in vertically. The method of developing deep underground space for CO2 geological storage, proposed in this paper could provide references for the scientific planning and policy enacting in management. However, this method still needs to be further improved in combination with the existing laws and regulations and the future practice of large-scale storage projects.
2021 Vol. 8 (4): 87-91 [Abstract] ( 122 ) RICH HTML PDF (1633 KB)  ( 397 )
92 Environmental impact monitoring technology for carbon storage projects under leakage scenarios
ZHANG Chenglong, HAO Wenjie, HU Lisha, LIU Ting, ZHANG Hui, DIAO Yujie
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2021.04.10
CO2 environmental impact monitoring technology is an important part of the Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) system, which runs through the entire storage process and determines the success of CCUS. This technology also plays a decisive role for the effectiveness, sustainability, safety of the CCUS project and the assessment of carbon emission reduction effects. It is necessary to carry out the full-process measurement and monitoring of multiple monitoring indicators, such as environmental capacity, stratum response, and CO2 underground migration, in order to ensure the safe and reliable operation of carbon storage projects. The emphasis of CO2 environmental impact monitoring will be different under different monitoring stages and different monitoring indicators, and the corresponding monitoring technology combinations will show slight difference. Focusing on the CO2 leakage monitoring and leakage source monitoring and identifying, the authors have systematically analyzed the features and application scenarios of CO2 environmental impact monitoring technology, and expounded on the CO2 environmental impact monitoring technology research progress under different monitoring stages and different monitoring indicators. Besides, the authors have also summarized CO2 environmental impact monitoring technology selections under different leakage scenarios and the practical problems, and pointed out that the research and development of real-time monitoring equipment, the atmosphere-surface-underground three-dimensional rapid monitoring technology system and the construction of long-term and effective CO2 monitoring management system would be the future development direction of the CO2 environmental impact monitoring technology, which could provide some reference for the development of environmental impact monitoring technology for future megaton-level carbon storage projects.
2021 Vol. 8 (4): 92-100 [Abstract] ( 164 ) RICH HTML PDF (3118 KB)  ( 564 )
101 Research status of CO2 geological storage potential evaluation methods at home and abroad
LIU Ting, MA Xin, DIAO Yujie, JIN Xiaolin, FU Jie, ZHANG Chenglong
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2021.04.11
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology is one of the effective ways to offset global warming and reduce CO2 emissions, and its potential assessment is crucial. The CCS technology mainly includes three types: CO2 Enhanced Oil/Gas Recovery (EOR/EGR), CO2 Enhanced Coal Bed Methane (ECBM) and CO2 storage in saline aquifer. The potential assessment methods are slightly different due to the different sequestration mechanisms of different sequestration technologies. The structural space storage, confined space storage, dissolution storage, and mineralization storage sealing mechanisms are mainly used in oil and gas reservoir storage and saltwater reservoir storage, while the adsorption sealing mechanism is mainly used in coal seam storage. The corresponding calculation methods for various storage technologies were put forward by researchers and institutions, and these methods can be classified into four categories according to their calculation principles, which are material balance method, effective volume method, dissolution method, and mixed mechanism method considering various capture mechanisms. In this paper, the authors have analyzed connotation principles and application scenarios of storage potential evaluation methods and put forward the practical problems of CO2 geological storage potential evaluation, which could improve the quality of CCS potential assessment in our country.
2021 Vol. 8 (4): 101-108 [Abstract] ( 278 ) RICH HTML PDF (2332 KB)  ( 839 )
109 Research review and engineering case analysis of geological compressed air energy storage
GUO Chaobin, LI Cai, YANG Lichao, LIU Kai, RUAN Yuejun, HE Yang
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2021.04.12
Geological Compressed Air Energy Storage (GCAES) can provide a flexible and efficient energy storage scheme for the large-scale deployment of intermittent clean energy, such as wind energy and solar energy, which could promote the rapid transformation of energy structure and accelerate the realization of carbon emission peak and carbon neutrality strategy. Based on the introduction of the concept and classification of GCAES, the authors have summarized the research status and development trend of GCAES from aspects of theoretical analysis, technical methods and economic cost, and described the key parameters and experience of typical engineering cases of GCAES, including salt caverns, aquifers and exhausted oil and gas fields, in order to analyze the application prospect of GCAES. With the increasing proportion of clean and renewable energy in the power grid, the authors have also explored the characteristics and influence factors of different storage tanks, and put forward their suitable conditions, which could provide some scientific reference for the sustainable development and utilization of clean energy.
2021 Vol. 8 (4): 109-119 [Abstract] ( 152 ) RICH HTML PDF (3543 KB)  ( 457 )
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