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2023 Vol. 10, No. 1
Published: 2023-02-20
 
1 Progresses and main achievements on unconventional oil and gas geological survey
ZHANG Jiaqiang, BI Caiqin, XU Yinbo, TONG Lihua, TANG Yue, YUAN Yuan, PANG Shouji, ZHOU Junlin
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2023.01.01
The project of geological survey of unconventional oil and gas was organized by the Oil and Gas Survey of the China Geological Survey. And a series of projects were carried out in this project, including geological survey of coal bed methane in Jixi Basin of Heilongjiang Province, the geological survey of oil shale in Songliao Basin and its surrounding areas, the in-situ test production of oil sands in the western slope of Songliao Basin, the geological survey of continental natural gas hydrate, the construction of the Muli natural gas hydrate field observation station in Qilian Mountains, the geological survey of helium in Guanzhong area of Shanxi Province and national survey of unconventional oil and gas resources, and a large quantity of basic data were acquired. Besides, a series of breakthrough and important progress have been achieved in well Heijidi-1, well Heijidi-3 and well Heijidi-4, and the potential of unconventional oil and gas resources in China has been known preliminarily, such as oil shale, oil sands, continental natural gas hydrate, helium, and coal bed methane in Jixi Basin. The project has an important impact in the fields of coalbed methane, oil shale, helium, etc., which has boosted confidence in unconventional oil and gas exploration and development, and promoted the deep integration of scientific and technological innovation and geological survey, and furthered the development of unconventional oil and gas discipline.
2023 Vol. 10 (1): 1-19 [Abstract] ( 98 ) RICH HTML PDF (13650 KB)  ( 189 )
20 Characteristics of reducing agent and uranium mineralization of Yaojia Formation in Qianjiadian area of Kailu Basin
SHAN Zhibo
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2023.01.02
A super-large uranium deposit was discovered in Qianjiadian area of Kailu Basin. In order to define the influence of reservoir reducing agent on uranium mineralization, the authors defined the characteristics of reducing agent through the application of core, microscopic observation and related testing techniques. The results show that reducing agent in uranium reservoir in the study area is mainly in the form of organic-carbonized plant debris, hydrocarbons and pyrite. The pyrite in organic matter can provide a lot of high-quality reducing agent for uranium mineralization. The methane content and total amount of hydrocarbons in the mineralized sandstone are higher than those in other types of sandstone, and the ratio of gas hydrocarbon to heavy hydrocarbon increase obviously with uranium enrichment, indicating that uranium enrichment is also closely related to hydrocarbons. The common pyrite types in uranium reservoirs include raspberry pyrite, colloidal pyrite, idiomorphic pyrite and alloomorphic pyrite, which coexist with uranium in various forms as reducing agents. The TOC content and S content are generally higher, while Fe2O3/FeO ratio is obviously lower in sandstone with mineralized horizon. On the contrary, TOC content and S content are generally lower in the non-mineralized sandstone, while Fe2O3/FeO ratio is higher, indicating that uranium mineralization is positively correlated with TOC content and total S content, and is negatively correlated with Fe2O3/FeO. Therefore, the reducing agent is of great significance on restricting mechanism of uranium mineralization by the in-depth study on the characteristics of reducing agent in uranium reservoir, which provides theoretical guidance for the exploration and prediction of sandstone type uranium deposits.
2023 Vol. 10 (1): 20-27 [Abstract] ( 54 ) RICH HTML PDF (2856 KB)  ( 128 )
28 Deep conductive structure of Anba ore section in Yangshan gold deposit belt and its geological meaning
CHEN Yongling, JIANG Shoujin, XIE Dan, HU Junfeng
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2023.01.03
In order to ascertain the deep geological tectonic frame in key mineralization areas of Anba ore section in Yangshan gold deposit belt, and guide the layout of census work and metallogenic zone, the authors in this paper used V8 electrical law workstation to detect Controlled Source Audio-frequency Magneto-telluric (CSAMT) in key mineralization areas of Anba ore section. Comparing the results with existing drilling profiles, the deep conductive structure in Anba ore section is preliminarily defined as anticlinal structure of NEE direction with a plunge of east direction. The shallow tectonic fractured belt is identified as an advantage point, and transition belt with characteristics of abnormal high and low apparent resistivity is supposed to be geophysical prospecting direction. And the CSAMT is proven to be enforceable in detecting ore-controlling structures characteristics, which is the auxiliary approach in prospecting and has guidance effect on polymetallic mineral exploration in complex landform.
2023 Vol. 10 (1): 28-36 [Abstract] ( 83 ) RICH HTML PDF (6700 KB)  ( 92 )
37 Mineralization and metallogenic model of Qian’echong Mo-Pb-Zn concealed deposit in North Dabie Mountain
LUO Ya'nan, YU Shaohua, WANG Lei
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2023.01.04
Qian’echong Mo-Pb-Zn deposit is located in the Mo polymetallic metallogenic belt of East Qinling-Dabie Mountain, and the orebodies mainly occurred in the external contact of the concealed granite. The metallogenic model was proposed through analysis of the mineralization geological process, geochemical characteristics of metallogenic rocks, ore-controlling factors and wall-rock lithology in Qian’echong Mo-Pb-Zn deposit, based on previous data and exploration results. It is concluded that the lattice structures in Dabie Mountain controls the distribution of orogenic belt, and has decisive effect on the distribution and formation of molybdenum ore deposits. The metallogenic geological body, with geochemical characteristics of high silicon, high-potassic, high alkali, is beneficial for the molybdenum mineralization. And the metallogenic geological body is depleted in Ba,Nb,Ta, Y, and Yb, and enriched in large ion lithophile element of Rb, Th and K. The low contents of Sr and Y reflect a high degree of magmatic differentiation. The surrounding rock physical property of porphyry molybdenum deposit shows a certain restriction on the location of molybdenum ore-formation zone. The metallogenic model of Qian'echong Mo-Pb-Zn deposit is the magma rocks remelting in the lower crust from Paleoproterozoic Dabie high-pressure granulite. The condensed magma was activated to the upward migration when it has been heated under Mesozoic tectonic regime transition of East China. Under different precipitation mechanisms of pressure and temperature reduction and pH change, the ore-forming fluid migrates in the fracture zone cracks and rock fractures, and precipitates into mineralization. The Pb-Zn mineralization is well deve-loped outside the molybdenum orebodies.
2023 Vol. 10 (1): 37-44 [Abstract] ( 90 ) RICH HTML PDF (4977 KB)  ( 108 )
45 Discovery of geothermal nappe structure and genesis research of Xifeng hot spring in Guizhou
ZHANG Rui, MOU Yuliang, ZHU Lijun, WANG Ganlu, ZENG Bo
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2023.01.05
Based on the deep exploration data in phosphate ore in recent years, the authors in this research studied the geological conditions and geothermal characteristics of Xifeng hot spring in Guizhou, and put forward new understandings of geological genesis. ① The imbricate thrust-nappe tectonic system is composed of Yangshui Anticline, Anqing Fault(F1) and Wenquan Fault(F2), which constitute the main body and boundary of Xifeng hot spring geothermal water system. The surface structure and internal structure of this geothermal structure system is heterogeneous. And the new strata are covered by the old strata, which consist many overlapped thermal storage units, and these thermal storage units become good places for the formation and migration of geothermal water. ② A series of geothermal storage units are directly contacted by Anqing Fault (F1), and these units have close hydraulic contact, which provides good channel for water and heat. Wenquan Fault (F2) forms the geothermal water boundary of Xifeng hot spring. ③ The atmospheric precipitation penetrates into the deep carbonate reservoir along the fracture channel, and it becomes geothermal water after the absorption of heat. Under high temperature and high pressure conditions, the geothermal water continuously migrates to the core of Yangshui Anticline, which is preserved by the overlying strata of Cambrian clastic rocks and limited by the hot spring fault. Then the geothermal water forms a favorable geothermal resource enrichment area in the west wing and north end of Yangshui Anticline, and then is blocked by faults and exposed to the surface.
2023 Vol. 10 (1): 45-51 [Abstract] ( 68 ) RICH HTML PDF (3585 KB)  ( 95 )
52 Zircon U-Pb ages, geochemical characteristics and geological significance of Luohe pluton in Duobaoshan area, Heilongjiang Province
FU Anzong, LI Jinming, LV Shijia, SHI Guoming
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2023.01.06
Petrology, geochronology and geochemistry of Luohe pluton in the connecting areas between Great Xinganling and Lesser Khingan Mountains were studied to intensify the knowledge of the tectonic evolution in the middle part of Xingmeng orogenic belt and discuss the Jurassic tectonomagmatic evolution in Duobaoshan area. The results show that Luohe pluton is mainly composed of medium fine-grained granodiorite and fine-grained granodiorite, with a small amount of granodiorite porphyry developed in the middle of the pluton. The zircon U-Pb ages of the granodiorite is (168.09 ± 0.95) Ma, indicating that it is emplaced during the Middle Jurassic. The granodiorite is characterized by high Na, high K, low Ti and low P in major elements, and low Sr and high Yb in trace elements, with depleted HREE. And weakly negative Eu anomaly is in REE distribution, which makes the granodiorite belonging to the high-K calcium alkaline series I-type granite. The Triassic and Early Jurassic sedimentary in the study area and Great Hinggan Mountains were deficient according to the discrimination diagram of tectonic setting, which means that the granodiorite of Luohe pluton belongs to the post-collision granite. Combined with the characteristics of the early-middle Jurassic intrusive rocks around the study area, the Luohe pluton is considered to be formed in the post collisional tectonic environment after the closure of Mongolia Okhotsk ocean.
2023 Vol. 10 (1): 52-61 [Abstract] ( 70 ) RICH HTML PDF (5601 KB)  ( 99 )
62 Sedimentary facies and regional tectonic significance of Cretaceous in the middle of Lanping Basin, Yunnan Province
HU Wenkui, YANG Dengju, SUN Guirong, YANG Xuexiong, ZHAO Qinghong, HONG Zhongming, ZHAO Chao
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2023.01.07
The evolution of Lanping Basin in Yunnan during the Cretaceous period paved the way for the large-scale mineralization of Himalayan period. The analysis of the sedimentary facies of this period by the predecessors was relatively general, which affected the comprehensive understanding of basin evolution, nature and mineralization, to some extent. The authors in this paper carried out the survey of geological section and route in the middle of the basin, and concluded that Cretaceous in Lanping Basin is a combination of fan delta-lake and braided river delta-remaining river-lake system, which makes the basin a fault basin. Combined with the evolution of Tethys, it is believed that the basin continued to inherit a Middle-Late Jurassic subsidence tectonic setting in Early Cretaceous. The closure of Meso-Tethys Ocean at the end of Early Cretaceous interrupted the settlement of the basin. The northward subduction of Neo-Tethys Ocean terminated the sedimentary evolution of Mesozoic Lanping Basin. Based on regional mineral data, it is believed that the early Cretaceous mineralization elements have been initially enriched, and provided necessary mineral source layers, formation water, migration channels, and mineralization positioning space for Himalayan mineralization. This research can provide new empirical data for the evolution process of Lanping Basin.
2023 Vol. 10 (1): 62-75 [Abstract] ( 71 ) RICH HTML PDF (9536 KB)  ( 84 )
76 Analysis of soil geochemical background value in Guyuan area of Ningxia
ZUO Jianyang, FANG Lu, LIU Xiaohui
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2023.01.08
The soil background value reflects the background value of element index content under the influence of natural environment and human activities in a certain area. Based on 2 638 soil samples obtained from the 1∶250 000 geochemical survey of land quality in Guyuan of Ningxia, the authors in this paper obtained geochemical background values and characteristic parameters of 53 element indexes, by using the methods of iterative elimination and statistical analysis. Compared with the national soil abundance, the contents of Cd and S are significantly higher than the national topsoil abundance value, and they are within the safety limit. The difference of element index content under geomorphic types is not only affected by external natural conditions such as soil forming parent material and soil forming environment, but also reflects the disturbance of human activities to the soil environment, which provides reliable data for the sustainable development and rational utilization of agriculture.
2023 Vol. 10 (1): 76-82 [Abstract] ( 94 ) RICH HTML PDF (2308 KB)  ( 112 )
83 Element migration and accumulation characteristics of bedrock-soil-pineapple in main pineapple producing area of Zhanjiang City
SUN Zhijia, LI Baofei, ZHAO Mingjie, YAN Xingguo, YUAN Qingzheng
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2023.01.09
The main pineapple producing area of Xuwen Country in Zhanjiang City was chosen as the study area to evaluate the elements migration and accumulate characteristics of bedrock-soil-crop system. The soil and pineapple samples were collected to evaluate the elements distribution, migration and accumulation characteristics, combining with the element migration coefficient and bioconcentration factor. The results indicate that the soil elements TP, TFe2O3, Co, Ge, S and Se were categorized as rich level, and TN content was categorized as moderate level, with moderate to relatively rich level of organic matter content and depleted TK content. The Pb, Cr, TFe2O3 and Ni in soil are relatively enriched in soil, and Al2O3, Cu, Zn, Co, Mn, TP and K2O are relatively lost during the weathering process of bedrock to soil. The Co, Cr, Cu, Ge, Mn, Ni and Zn in the soil are mainly derived from the weathering of magnetite, and Se is mainly derived from the weathering of pyrite. Cd and Hg were weakly absorbed by pineapple plants, while the Cd was easier to accumulate in pineapple fruits than other elements. Ge, As, Cd, Se and Ni were the most abundant in the roots of pineapple plants, and Pb, Hg, Cr, Cu and Zn were the most abundant in the leaves. There was a synergistic effect of pineapple fruits on the absorption of Cu, Pb, Cr and Hg.
2023 Vol. 10 (1): 83-90 [Abstract] ( 88 ) RICH HTML PDF (3714 KB)  ( 100 )
91 Analysis of hydrochemistry and hydrogen and oxygen isotope characteristics of Nanyi Gully water body
LIU Pei, HUANG Junchuan, YU Xiao
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2023.01.10
Nanyi Gully is an important water source conservation area in Linzhi. The study of hydrochemistry and hydrogen and oxygen isotope characteristics of Nanyi Gully water body reveals the law of “three water transformation”, which is of great significance for improving the hydrochemistry research degree, supporting the research on the relationship between local forests and water, and serving the protection of water ecology in the plateau area. The characteristics of regional water chemistry, water-rock interaction and water cycle were analyzed by water chemistry and hydrogen and oxygen isotope analysis methods. The results show that water body of Nanyi Gully is very low salinity fresh water. The chemical types of surface water are HCO3-Ca·Mg type and SO4·HCO3-Ca·Mg type, and the chemical types of the underground water are HCO3-Ca·Na type. The hydrochemical characteristics of surface water and groundwater are mainly affected by the weathering of rocks, and the ions source is mainly affected by the carbonate dissolution and silicate rocks weathering. Na+, K+, Cl- ions mainly come from the dissolution of evaporative salt rocks, which is also affected by the rainfall. The Ca2+ and Mg2+ mainly come from the dissolution of carbonate rock minerals. The water-rock interaction of the underground and surface water in the study area is weak, and most of the δ18O and δD values have obvious height effect and continental effect compared with the surface water in Yarlung Zangbo River and Lhasa River. The strong unbalanced evaporation during dry years is one of the main reasons for the small slope and intercept of the regional atmospheric rainfall line.
2023 Vol. 10 (1): 91-99 [Abstract] ( 68 ) RICH HTML PDF (4542 KB)  ( 150 )
100 Evolution model of slope deformation and failure in Yuexi Country of Dabie mountains orogenic belt
SHEN Yidong, SONG Zhengyu, LI De
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2023.01.11
The natural slopes in Yuexi County are prone to deformation and failure under the combined action of the earth’s internal and external forces, causing casualties and property loss, which seriously restricts the development of local economy. The characteristics and causes of slope deformation and failure in Yuexi Country were identified through systematic engineering geological survey and theoretical analysis, and the evolution model was discussed. The results show that the weathering resistance and mechanical properties of different rock groups in Yuexi Country are different, so the mechanisms of the geological hazards of the slopes are also discrepant. According to the characteristics of slope structure, the landslide in Yuexi Country can be divided into all-weathered landslide, strong weathered landslide and bedding rock landslide. The sliding surface of all-weathered landslide is located in the full regolith or the interface between full regolith and strong regolith. The slip surface of strongly weathered landslide mainly develops at the interface between strong regolith and middle regolith. The bedding rock landslide is mainly developed in the down-slope of gneiss. The collapse in Yuxi Country can be divided into sliding collapse, toppling collapse and falling collapse, according to the deformation and failure model. The sliding collapse is mainly controlled by a group of gently sloping external structural planes and another group of steeply sloping (external or internal) structural planes. The toppling collapse is mainly controlled by one set of structural planes in steep slopes and another set of near-horizontal structural planes. Falling collapse is mainly controlled by a set of structural planes which are steeply inclined or nearly erect. Landslides in Yuexi Country are mainly developed in areas with thick weathering crust, loose rock mass and low structural plane strength. Collapses are mainly developed in areas with high and steep slopes, low degree of rock weathering and structural plane development. This research has some guiding effect on the investigation and prevention of geological hazards in Dabie mountains and Yuexi Country.
2023 Vol. 10 (1): 100-109 [Abstract] ( 72 ) RICH HTML PDF (6012 KB)  ( 41 )
110 Coastline extraction algorithm for SAR images based on automatic threshold and regional growth
WANG Zhiyi, WANG Na, LIN Bo, LI Meng, YU Yang
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2023.01.12
In order to achieve dynamic supervision and monitor the coastline, SAR image coastline automatic extraction method combined with automatic threshold and regional growth is proposed. First, the combination of the Canny edge detection and OTSU method is applied to realize the automatic threshold extraction of the water and land boundary line. Based on the automatic threshold results, the water area is operated opening and segmentation to obtain the large proportion of sea water body as a seed point for regional growth for getting the sea water, thus the part of the terrestrial water body and shadow was removed. Then, the sea-land segmentation acquired by the regional growth method is denoising, filling morphological optimization processing to fill the void caused by sea hull, windmill and island reef, so the final sea-land segmentation result was finally formed. At last, the Canny edge detection operator was used to obtain the coastline. The experimental results of Jiangsu costal zone show that the smooth and continuous coastlines can be accurately extracted by the proposed method, which has strong practicality in the SAR coastline extraction.
2023 Vol. 10 (1): 110-117 [Abstract] ( 109 ) RICH HTML PDF (6470 KB)  ( 205 )
118 Drilling technology of Well M-2 in Matouying dry hot rock of Tangshan
ZHANG Yun, GAO Liang, TIAN Zengxia, SONG Xiquan, LIU Xianchuan, ZHAO Yan
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2023.01.13
Well M-2 is a production well of Matouying dry hot rock mining test well group, and the key techniques during drilling were studied to solve the problems of Cenozoic Formation collapse, bit balling, low drilling efficiency of Archaean granite formation, overflow, block falling and high temperature drilling fluid. The wellbore stability of Cenozoic Formation was maintained by increasing the specific gravity of drilling fluid, reducing fluid loss, and increasing viscosity. The problem of bit balling in Neogene Formation was solved by using double pumps with large displacement and high rotary speed. The overflow, large consumption and block loss were effectively prevented in the well depth of 3 880 m, through the increasement of mud gravity and the addition of plugging agent. By ameliorating the high-temperature resistant drilling fluid, the rheology property of sludge was improved and the friction and rotary torque were reduced, which guaranteed the success of Well M-2 completion. The average drilling speed of Well M-2 in Archaean metamorphic granite formation reached 2.46 m/h, which was 69.7% higher than that of Well M-1 in the same formation, and the drilling cost was reduced by changing the drilling assembly and using drilling tools with large screw, large drilling weight, large displacement and coarse diameter. This method can effectively improve the drilling efficiency by the rotary hammer and PDC bit speed increase experiment. However, the metamorphic granite formation is hard and abrasive, PDC pieces would easily collapse, hence the bit performance still needs to be improved. The overall benefit of assemblage of ϕ203 mm screw and roller cone bit was higher, which can be used as the optimal scheme in subsequent construction.
2023 Vol. 10 (1): 118-124 [Abstract] ( 68 ) RICH HTML PDF (1586 KB)  ( 231 )
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