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2018 Vol. 5, No. 4
Published: 2018-08-20
 
1 Progresses of the new energy mineral investigation project
ZHANG Jiaqiang, BI Caiqin, LI Feng, SHAN Yansheng, TONG Lihua, XU Yinbo, TANG Yue, YUAN Yuan, NING Shuzheng, ZHOU Fengying
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2018.04.01
In recent years, the “new energy mineral investigation project” was carried out by the Oil & Gas Survey Center of China Geological Survey. According to the overall deployment, the project members have carried out a series of work, including the coalbed methane geological survey in West Guizhou, South Sichuan, South Junggar Basin of Xinjiang and Sanjiang Basin of Northeast China, the oil sands and oil shale geological survey in the west slope of Songliao Basin and the northern margin of Qaidam Basin, and the potential survey, comprehensive evaluation and information system construction of special coal resources (liquefaction and gasification). A large amount of basic data have been obtained and a series of breakthroughs and important progresses have been acquired, such as well Chuangaocan-1 and well Yangmeican-1. Based on these work, the authors have grasped preliminarily the status of the coalbed methane, oil shale, oil sand and other unconventional oil and gas resources and the special coal resources in China. These achievements, acquired in this project, have an important impact on the field of coalbed methane. They have boosted the confidence in the exploration and development of coalbed methane and promoted a deep integration of scientific and technological innovation and geological survey. And they have also improved the development of unconventional oil and gas subject.
2018 Vol. 5 (4): 1-16 [Abstract] ( 496 ) RICH HTML PDF (17387 KB)  ( 396 )
17 Mineralization charateristics and target area prediction of underground brine lithium mine in Zigong Area, Sichuan Province
ZHAN Hanyu, MA Hongman, WU Wenhui, QIN Yulong, WU He, YI Shengli
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2018.04.02
Lithium as a new energy and material has important strategic significance for national economic construction and defense security. The liquid lithium in brine is the main source of lithium resource. The underground brine resource is abundant in Zigong Area of Sichuan Basin, but the way of exploitation and utilization is onefold. Although there are few researches about the brine lithium resource of Ziliujing anticline, the existing data reveal that the Li+ content of local brine is 2 to 4 times of the mining industrial grade, which has great exploitation value. In recent years, the authors have investigated the distribution of underground brine resources in Zigong Area and analyzed the samples that were collected in favorable areas. The results show that the grade of lithium resource is 3 to 4 times higher than the boundary grade and 2 times higher than the lowest industrial grade. The Li+ content has obvious positive correlation with the contents of Na+, K+, $NH^{+}_{4}$ and Cl-. Therefore, the contents of Na+, K+, $NH^{+}_{4}$, Cl- in brine can be used as an indirect indication of Li+ content. Decreasing the Mg/Li of brine can effectively control the cost of lithium extraction. Compared with the yellow brine, the black brine has lower Mg2+ content and higher contents of Li+, Na+, K+, $NH^{+}_{4}$ and Cl-. Through comprehensive analysis, the authors considered that the axis of Dengjingguan anticline, where the black brine is densely distributed, could serve as a target area for lithium resource exploration.
2018 Vol. 5 (4): 17-24 [Abstract] ( 519 ) RICH HTML PDF (4697 KB)  ( 499 )
25 Comparative analysis on geological condition of shale gas accumulation of Longmaxi Formation in eastern Sichuan Basin
LI Bin, GUO Qingyong, LUO Qun, HU Bowen, JIN Changhao
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2018.04.03
In order to reveal the geological regularity of shale gas reservoir in eastern Sichuan Basin, the geological conditions of shale gas accumulation in Jiaoshiba area, Pengshui area and Baojing area were analyzed and compared. The results show that foreland basin in eastern Sichuan Basin was formed in the deposition period of Longmaxi Formation, so enriched organic carbonaceous shale was deposited to provide material conditions for the generation of shale gas. The depositional center of the foreland basin was located in Chongqing, and carbonaceous shale thickness decreased from the center to the periphery. The abundance of organic matter in the carbonaceous shale, the maturity of the organic matter and formation pressure all decreased from the center to the periphery. The hydrocarbon generation time was shorter from west of the basin to the east. Shale gas reservoir in Jiaoshiba area was mainly with space pore, While it was mainly with fracture pore in Baojing area, Hunan Province. Reservoir pore space becomes narrow and the degree of fracture was increasing from west to east. Tectonic movement has great destructive effect on shale gas accumulation and it was gradually weakened from east to west. The comprehensive analysis shows that from Jiaoshiba area in the eastern part of Sichuan Basin to Baojing in Hunan, the shale gas accumulation conditions became worse and the difficulty of exploration was increasing.
2018 Vol. 5 (4): 25-32 [Abstract] ( 494 ) RICH HTML PDF (6146 KB)  ( 544 )
33 Diagenetic evolution research on low permeability reservoirs of one structure in Xihu Sag
CHENG Chao, ZHU Wenjuan, LIAO Hengjie, DING Fang, LI Shuangshuang
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2018.04.04
By using conventional rock thin sections, casting thin sections, scanning electron microscope and reservoir physical property analyses, combined with parameters such as apparent compaction rate, apparent cementation rate and apparent dissolution rate, this paper quantitatively researched the diagenesis sequence and pore evolution process of low permeability reservoir of one structure in Xihu Sag.The research results show that. (1)The predominant pore types of low permeability reservoir in Xihu Sag are secondary dissolution pores, and intergranular dissolution pore is the main type of secondary porosity. (2)Mechanical compaction effect is the main factor for low permeability, which results in 65% of primary porosity loss, and the dissolution of the secondary dissolution pores improves the reservoir property to some extent. (3)The reservoirs in the research area are at stage A2 of middle diagenesis phase and stage B of middle diagenesis phase. The diagenetic evolution sequence is as follows: ①Brittle particles were broken with the plastic deformation of particles, and local chlorites were edge-cemented; ②Parts of the feldspar and lithic were dissolved in early period, and quartzs of early period were with secondary overgrowth; ③Carbonates were cemented and replaced by quartz, feldspar and so on, and quartz particles were dissolved; ④The dissolution of carbonate, feldspar and cuttings resulted in secondary pores and secondary overgrowth of quartz; ⑤Small quantities of iron calcite had cementation and metasomatism. The results can provide scientific basis for the prediction and evaluation of high quality reservoirs in low permeability reservoirs in Xihu Sag.
2018 Vol. 5 (4): 33-39 [Abstract] ( 380 ) RICH HTML PDF (3910 KB)  ( 256 )
40 Metallogenic regularity and prospect prediction of metallic deposits in Wenquan-Zhongchuan area of Western Qinling
LIU Yanliang, GAO Ya, LUO Weibin, JI Wenzhong
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2018.04.05
The 1:50 000 mineral resources geological survey in Wenquan-Zhongchuan area of Western Qinling has identified thirty three 1:50 000 local anomalies of high magnetic, eleven 1:50 000 geophysical and geochemical anomalies, 2 mineral occurrences and 5 mineralized occurrences. Many minerals were found, such as gold, molybdenum, iron, copper, rubidium and so on. Based on the comprehensive study of metallogenic geological conditions, integrated anomaly characteristics of 1:50 000 geophysical and geochemical exploration, the characteristics and distribution rules of mineral occurrences and mineralized occurrences, the authors explained the spatial and time distribution rules and association relationships of the minerals in this region, and divided 9 metallogenic prospective areas and 6 prospecting targets. Trenching validation was verified for 2 prospecting targets. The first one is Yuyangguan prospecting target in Guanzizhen, and 4 rubidium-bearing mineralized pegmatite veins and many iron mineralization zones were found, which have the potential to form pegmatite rubidium deposits. The second one is Baiyegou-Hexigou prospecting targets on the south of Liba gold deposits in Lixian, and 14 mineralization zones were found, where 11 gold ore bodies or mineralized bodies were identified. These bodies indicated potential (micro disseminated) tectonic altered rock gold deposits.
2018 Vol. 5 (4): 40-49 [Abstract] ( 470 ) RICH HTML PDF (5562 KB)  ( 560 )
50 Deformation characteristics and geological significance of Xiaohongshan formation in Beishan Area, Inner Mongolia
ZHANG Zhaoqi, PAN Yongsheng, WEI Yansheng, DUAN Chunsen, LIU Chang, LI Kuifang
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2018.04.06
In order to investigate the composition and deformation characteristics of the Hongshishan-Baiheshan-Pengboshan Paleozoic tectonic belt (ophiolite belt), using the digital geological mapping, the authors have carried out the 1:50 000 regional geological survey in Dahongshan of Beishan Area, Inner Mongolia. Through the survey, a suit of metamorphic basement was found in the south of Dahongshan, and its main rock assemblage is marine fine clastic rock with intermediate-basic volcanic rock and magnetite quartzite rock, which is characterized by ferrosilicic formation and metamorphic basic volcanic rock. The rock assemblage without bottom and top, has intensive metamorphism and deformation, and its sequences can’t be separated. So the rock assemblage is named as Xiaohongshan formation. The low and medium grade metamorphic rock indicates that the metamorphism reaches high green schist facies to low amphibolite facies. The north of the formation is covered by the angular unconformity of Upper Carboniferous Baishan Formation, and the south is intruded by the Early Devonian and Late Carboniferous intrusive rock. The outcropping area of the formation is about 140 km2 in the study area, and the thickness is about 2 890 m. There are four obvious deformations. The former three are ductile deformation, which form penetrative foliation S1, large-scale folds and ductile shear zone. The last deformation is characterized by brittle deformation and forms some large-scale faults. The multi-stage metamorphism and deformation of Xiaohongshan formation proves that the Hongshishan-Baiheshan-Pengboshan Paleozoic tectonic belt (ophiolite belt) existed and went through multi-stage metamorphism and deformation.
2018 Vol. 5 (4): 50-56 [Abstract] ( 411 ) RICH HTML PDF (8185 KB)  ( 224 )
57 Study on tectonic deformation sequence of the basement metamorphic rock series in Huai'an of Northwestern Hebei
HAO Liancheng, WANG Weiguo, HU Yanbin, HAN Mingyang
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2018.04.07
Huai'an, with strong tectonic deformation, is an important place to understand the formation and evolution of North China Craton. Based on the investigation of structural deformation in the basement metamorphic rock series, and combined with the regional geological data and isotopic age data the Early Precambrian deformation sequence is divided into four periods. The first stage is late Fuping movement of New Archean (D1). Sanggan Group was ductile deformed to form gneiss, rootless folds and ductile shear zone. The second stage is late Wutai movement of New Archean (D2). The schistosity and banded structures of TTG were formed in the New Archean. Simultaneously, EW antiformorium was formed in the Sanggan Group. The third stage is middle Lvliang movement of Palaeoproterozoic (D3). Regional schistosity was formed in Jining Group of Shaqucun petrofabric, and NE ductile shear zone was also formed.SN antiformorium was superimposed on the New Archean geological bodies. The fourth stage is late Lvliang movement of Palaeoproterozoic (D4). Schistosity was formed in Hongqiyingzi Group of Taipingzhuang petrofabric, and Shangyi-Pingquan Fault was formed. Inaddition, the Early Precambrian tectonic evolution model of this area was established, and it was divided into two stages: continental crust accretion in New Archean and collision orogeny in Paleoproterozoic, Which is of great significance in understanding the formation and evolution of North China Craton.
2018 Vol. 5 (4): 57-66 [Abstract] ( 443 ) RICH HTML PDF (8371 KB)  ( 272 )
67 Division and characteristics of groundwater system in Guanzhong Basin
ZHOU Yang, WANG Youlin, DU Shaoshao, ZHANG Peidong, ZHANG Hangbo, ZHANG Hui
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2018.04.08
Guanzhong Basin has a groundwater system with complete hydrogeological structure, relatively independent water system and open water cycle. This paper introduces the regional hydrogeological structure and characteristics of groundwater cycle. Based on the textural association and distribution characteristics of groundwater aquatic media and the characteristics of groundwater circulation, the groundwater system in Guanzhong Basin is divided into six categories: pore-fractured water system in loess terrace like plain, pore water system in alluvial plain, pore water system in aggraded flood plain, water system in Weibei karst, Neogene and Paleogene pore-fractured water system in sand and mudstone interbedded fracture, and fracture water system in bedrock. Also the water-richness, bucket diameter, hydrochemistry and dynamic characteristics for each aqueous system are summarized. The purpose of this paper is to provide a basis for the objective evaluation of the current situation of water resources in Guanzhong Economic Zone, and for the optimal allocation of water resources, development and utilization and protection programs, which is of great significance to the construction of good and livable ecological environment and sustainable economic development.
2018 Vol. 5 (4): 67-75 [Abstract] ( 501 ) RICH HTML PDF (5887 KB)  ( 361 )
76 Discussion on methodology of land-sea coordination in coastal geological work
LI Bing, WANG Hanmei, SHI Yujin
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2018.04.09
Land-sea coordination is an important tendency in our coastal geological work, but the work was usually separately carried out for land area and sea area in the past, and there is no uniform understanding about how to achieve land-sea coordination. As one of the pioneers that carried out coastal geological work in China, Shanghai has conducted some beneficial attempts and accumulated some experience in land-sea coordination. Based on the practical experience, and combined with current status of coastal geological work at home and abroad, the authors discussed the methodology of land-sea coordination in coastal geological work and proposed that land-sea coordination in coastal geological work should include two essential contents. And they are the organic integration of land and sea achievements and the land-sea linkage through the intermediary of water bodies. To achieve the land-sea coordination, the followings need to be paid more attention to in coastal geological work. In fieldwork deployment, the intermediary effect of land rivers and sea islands should be utilized, and geological achievements mapping should concentrate on the region instead of local areas. In geological environment monitoring, the seawall and shoreline as the link are used to synchronously monitor the land and sea. In achievements mapping, to organically integrate land and sea achievements, the key is to unifyd land-sea data standards, and the classification of data level should be simplified properly with data science information preservation.
2018 Vol. 5 (4): 76-80 [Abstract] ( 372 ) RICH HTML PDF (1191 KB)  ( 478 )
81 Discussion on water quality survey method for 1:50 000 alluvial-proluvial fan aquifer survey
CAI Wutian, LYU Yonggao, LIU Jiangtao, BIAN Cao, Yang Li, SHI Weiwei, GUO Lin
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2018.04.10
With the object of alluvial-proluvial fan aquifer in Northern Henan, the authors have set up a 1:50 000 water quality survey approach for alluvial-proluvial fan aquifer. This method consists of three stages: workload pre-deployment, field survey and sampling points setting. At pre-deployment stage, based on the preliminary survey, the authors have made research on geomorphologic landscape, pollution potential sources, groundwater flow field and hydrogeochemical type evolution and formed a field survey work map with different density zones by means of assignment and superposition, which is used for macro control survey workload. At field survey stage, measurement and quality control of the pH value, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, redox, and other current hydrochemistry parameters are paid much attention to. And survey points density was adjusted according to the environment of the study area and the number of survey points was also considered with the proportion of groundwater points and non-groundwater points and different depth of water points. At the sampling points setting stage, aquifer stratifying was based on geological environment and the groundwater function of different depth wells. The water chemical parameter information of the surveyed points was also made full use of to identify and delineate the water quality variation area. The sampling points of the water quality variation area and the normal evolution area of the water quality were respectively set by judgment method and uniform method. This water quality survey method can provide some technical reference for the development of high-precision groundwater quality or pollution survey in similar areas.
2018 Vol. 5 (4): 81-89 [Abstract] ( 368 ) RICH HTML PDF (5820 KB)  ( 326 )
90 Research on the current situation of mine exploitation and environmental problems based on the satellite remote sensing data in Eastern Hebei
YU Lei, LI Yingzhen, GAO Junhua, LIU Li, XU Zhaojun, ZOU Pu
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2018.04.11
In order to ascertain the land occupied or destructed, the current situation of restoration and mine environment and the trends during the mineral resources exploitation in Eastern Hebei, using domestic high resolution remote sensing satellite data as the main data source with field investigations and interviews, the authors made investigation and research on the mineral resources exploitation and mine environmental problems in this area. Based on the extensive collection of geological data and remote sensing data, combined with field validation, the authors established the interpretation signs of land occupied in mine exploitation. Through the ArcGIS platform, they did statistical analysis of mine land occupied or destructed, and made investigation and research on the mine environmental problems caused by mining in the area, which include vegetation destruction, water pollution and mining subsidence. The results show that: ①In 2016, the total area of mine land occupied is 49 755.47 hm2, accounting for 2.26% of the study area, and there is an increasing trend year by year. ②Compared with the land occupied or destructed, the recovery extent of the mine environment in the study area is low, and the environmental treatment processes are lagging behind. The rate of treatment in 2016 is only 4.7%. ③206 mining points in the study area are close to the important water source, which threaten the safety of the water body. ④The area of mining subsidence caused by mining is large, which affects the surrounding villages and the ecological environment, and the total area is 24 351 hm2. ⑤The domestic high resolution remote sensing satellite data have the characteristics of high spatial resolution, high speed and economy. It can play an important role in the research of mine land occupied and mine environment survey.
2018 Vol. 5 (4): 90-98 [Abstract] ( 412 ) RICH HTML PDF (9633 KB)  ( 281 )
99 Study on the development characteristics and control countermeasure of ground collapse in gypsum mining area of Pizhou, Jiangsu Province
ZHOU Dan, JING Jiajun, XING Xue
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2018.04.12
The ground collapse caused by mining is the majon type of geological disasters in gypsum mining area of Pizhou, Jiangsu Province. It has the characteristics of burstiness, contingency and invisibility. It causes huge damage to the safety of residents and their properties due to dense population and widely distributed land and rivers. Based on previous study of geological work, and through field geological survey of the ground collapse, the authors analyzed comprehensively the basic geological conditions, engineering geological conditions, hydrogeological conditions, formation history of the goafs, forms of collapse pits, development processes of the collapse and human engineering activities. The results show that the old goafs of the gypsum mine in Pizhou are mainly distributed in the middle and west of the mining area, whose specification seriously deviates from the mining requirements of the room and pillar method. The overall stability is poor, and the planar and undulate ground deformation is often formed. The recent goafs are mainly distributed in the middle and east of the mining area, which often form dotted ground collapse. The tunnel development areas, mainly located in the middle and east of the newly-built pit, often form dotted ground collapse and hidden points of collapse. Based on domestic managerial experience of ground collapse in gypsum mining area, and combined with the actual situation of this area, the authors proposed a series of prevention and control measures to effectively avoid the risk of disasters. The research could provide some technical support for the following work about control countermeasures of ground collapse in this mining area.
2018 Vol. 5 (4): 99-106 [Abstract] ( 416 ) RICH HTML PDF (3544 KB)  ( 433 )
107 Exploitability grade evaluation of mineral resources in Qimantage ore concentration area of Qinghai Province
HUANG Junwei, LIU Lei, MA Chi, WANG Shoujing, ZHAO Hengqin, TAN Xiumin
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2018.04.13
The metallogenic condition is favorable and the mineral resources are abundant in Qimantage ore concentration area of Qinghai Province. In order to provide technical support for development of resources optimization in ore concentration area, the authors have made the exploitability evaluation for partial mineral resources in ore concentration area by exploitability grading. The specific research methods are as following: Firstly, based on the beneficiation recovery rate, the exploitability grade evaluation has been established for different minerals and different areas. Secondly, the “correction value of beneficiation recovery rate” has been calculated according to beneficiation recovery rate in mine site. Then the exploitability grade of useful minerals in mine has been identified compared with the correspond exploitability evaluation grade. Finally, the exploitability grade of the mine has been identified based on the exploitability grade of useful minerals. The results show that the easy available grade accounted for 40.00% and the medium available grade accounted for 26.67%. Besides the grade difficult to use accounted for 33.33% in the 15 mines (deposits) of Qimantage ore concentration area. The research results could provide some reference in the management and development optimization for government mining department.
2018 Vol. 5 (4): 107-111 [Abstract] ( 373 ) RICH HTML PDF (624 KB)  ( 312 )
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