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2019 Vol. 6, No. 3
Published: 2019-06-20
 
1 Effects of huge anthropogenic carbon emission: Inspiration from comprehensive investigations of Tibetan Plateau
LIU Yan
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2019.03.01
The effects of huge anthropogenic carbon emission have caused huge controversy. Only by studying the change of atmospheric CO2 levels and environment since the Eocene, can we correctly understand the consequences of human’s huge carbon emissions. Numerous studies have revealed that the atmospheric CO2 concentrations have dropped dramatically from Early Eocene to the end of Oligocene, leading to the decrease of temperature and the formation of continental glaciers. And the atmospheric CO2 concentrations have increased slowly in a long time under rather low and invariant levels since the Miocene. However, it is still unknown about the mechanisms which lead to the changing processes, and the place where the water that formed the continental glaciers comes from. Therefore, this research focused on the perspectives of deep carbon cycling, surface water cycling, and environmental changing of Tibetan Plateau to analyze the effects of anthropogenic huge carbon emission. During the rising process of Tibetan Plateau, with the methods of chemical weathering of silicate rocks, plant photosynthesis, intracontinental subduction (buried), and fluid-rock interactions, large amounts of atmospheric CO2 were transferred into carbon-rich materials buried in the newly thickening crust of Tibetan Plateau. The atmospheric CO2 levels have therefore decreased greatly, leading to global cooling and dry surface layers of the continental interiors (including Tibetan Plateau, similarly hereinafter) by losing water, and then the continental glaciers were formed. From Late Oligocene to Miocene, Tibetan Plateau had the scale to change the atmosphere circulation and the Asian monsoon was finally formed. The drastic desertification of the internal plateau began to show and the captured CO2 decreased, which made a dynamic balance to the CO2 from the internal Tibetan Plateau. This dynamic balance was the main mechanism of atmospheric CO2 level change since Miocene. The long-term slow decline trend of atmospheric CO2 levels has been completely reversed by the huge anthropogenic carbon emission today. The liquid water released from the disappearing continental glaciers would come back to the cold and dry continental interiors in the form of atmospheric precipitation rather than oceans due to global warming. Tibetan Plateau would once again become a giant water tower, so that clean drinking water for more than three billion people would be substantially provided. The vast amount of CO2 emitted by human beings would be absorbed and solidified using above methods due to the sustained growth of Tibetan Plateau and the currently dry and cold desertification of continental interiors, which makes the atmospheric CO2 concentrations remain stably high in the future. At that time, all deserts would become oases, and the loess plateau would become a black soil plateau enriched in organic matters, which means the living environment would be greatly improved. However the PM 2.5 is difficult to spread and easy to form haze within the basin. The global mean sea level would rise due to the thermo-expansion of seawater with rate of 1 mm/a. Water will be circulated mainly between continental glaciers and inland surface layers, and has no relationship with the sea level. Therefore, the author concludes that the global warming caused by the huge anthropogenic carbon emission is more beneficial than harmful to human development.
2019 Vol. 6 (3): 1-13 [Abstract] ( 478 ) RICH HTML PDF (6397 KB)  ( 266 )
14 Geological characteristics and oil-bearing prospect of Lower Cretaceous in Xiushui Basin of northern Liaoning Province
DING Qiuhong, CHEN Shuwang, LI Xiaohai, LI Wenbo, YAO Yulai, ZHANG Jian, SUN Shouliang
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2019.03.02
The discovery of hydrocarbon in Yixian Formation of Xiushui Basin has made Yixian the target formation for oil-gas survey in northwestern Liaoning Province. Based on the technical methods of drilling core cataloging, field geological survey and organic geochemical test analysis, using electrical exploration data, 2D seismic and drilling data, the authors analyzed the stratigraphic characteristics, hydrocarbon generation conditions, basin formation and evolution history of Lower Cretaceous in Xiushui Basin. The results show that the No.3 mudstone source rock of Yixian Formation has a wide distribution range, a large sedimentary thickness, and suitable organic matter abundance, type and maturity, which means the mudstone has good hydrocarbon bearing conditions and belongs to medium to good source rock. It is considered that Xiushui Basin has undergone four phases of tectonic evolution in Early Cretaceous, and has the source-reservoir-cap rock assemblages and the prospective area for petroleum exploration. The above research is expected to provide support for further exploration of oil and gas resources in this area.
2019 Vol. 6 (3): 14-21 [Abstract] ( 362 ) RICH HTML PDF (8223 KB)  ( 289 )
22 Analysis of shale gas accumulation conditions in Niutitang Formation of Lower Cambrian in Baojing area of Hunan Province
LI Bin, CUI Chunlan, ZHANG Yueheng, HU Bowen, LUO Qun
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2019.03.03
In order to evaluate the exploration potential of shale gas in Cambrian Niutitang Formation in Baojing area of Hunan Province, using the data of field geological survey and gas well exploration results, combined with drilling core sample test results, the authors studied the reservoir characteristics and distribution of Niutitang Formation in Baojing area of Hunan Province. The black shale, dark grey mudstone and dark grey calcareous siltstone of passive continental margin deepwater shelf was deposited at Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation in Baojing area of Hunan Province. The shale layer was stable in distribution, large in thickness (90 m), high in organic matter (1.48%~3.49%) with I type kerogen, high in maturity (3.90%~4.86%) at over mature stage. The content of brittle minerals in reservoir was high (38.4% ~ 50.5%), and it had better fracture potential. Diagenesis was deeper and clay minerals were mainly illite and illite mixed layers. The shale porosity was medium (0.50%~4.24%), and the permeability was very low ((0.0005 ~ 0.0146)×10-3 μm2). The reservoir spaces included crystal faces corrosion pores of crystal minerals, mineral marginal dissolution pores, organic matter dissolution pores, pyrite intergranular pores, cleavage joints by diagenesis and structural fractures. Through comprehensive analysis, the authors believed that Niutitang Formation in Baojing area of Hunan Province has good geological condition of shale gas and the fracture developed area can promote shale gas accumulation, so exploration efforts in Angdong-Zebi area in eastern Baojing County showld be increased.
2019 Vol. 6 (3): 22-28 [Abstract] ( 422 ) RICH HTML PDF (6101 KB)  ( 295 )
29 Discovery and prospecting significance of Zhugongtang super-large Pb-Zn deposit in Guizhou Province
HE Lianglun, ZHAO Feng, BAI Guanghui, JIN Xianglin, WU Dawen, WANG Jun
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2019.03.04
The Zhugongtang Pb-Zn deposit is located in eastern Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou lead-zinc polymetallic metallogenic region and northwestern Ziyun-Yadu fault zone. In recent years, new theories and methods have been successfully used to guide the prospecting and exploration, and this deposit has been discovered and basically identified as a super large lead-zinc deposit. According to the deep prospecting of Zhugongtang Pb-Zn deposit, this deposit was mainly controlled by NW Yadu-Mangdong fracture. And the ore host rocks were the limestone, marl, dolomite and dolomite limestone from Upper Devonian to Middle Permian. The ore bodies occurred with the shape of lenticular, veins and layers in the fractured zone, partially overlapped in the plan and parallelly staggered on the section. These ore bodies were hidden, steeply and deeply buried, with relatively concentrated ore-rich section and abundant useful components. The fault structure, ore lithology, wall rock alteration, and physicochemical exploration anomaly can be used as prospecting criteria. Through the study of the geological characters, ore-controlling factors and prospecting criteria of Zhugongtang Pb-Zn deposit, the authors thought that this area has huge potential economic value, and has important guiding significance for the regional Pb-Zn deposit prospecting, and Pb-Zn resource base and deep processing base establishment. It also points out the direction for the Pb-Zn prospecting in northwestern Guizhou Province. The discovery of this deposit has a profound impact on the poverty alleviation in the contiguous poverty-stricken areas of Wumeng Mountain.
2019 Vol. 6 (3): 29-36 [Abstract] ( 474 ) RICH HTML PDF (5447 KB)  ( 589 )
37 Geological characteristics and structure evolution of Rongxuka magmatic-dome in Songpan-Ganzi orogenic zone
YE Yakang, ZENG Min, ZHOU Xiong, WU Wenhui, XU Yunfeng, LI Zheng
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2019.03.05
Rongxuka magma diapir dome is located in the northeastern part of Yajiang domes in Songpan-Ganzi orogenic zone, it has undergone multi-stage tectonic evolution, and the interior structure is extremely complex. In order to clarify the evolution relationships between magma and dome in Rongxuka area, the authors studied the geological characteristics and structure evolution of the dome on the basis of field geological survey and indoor comprehensive research. The rootless or ptygmatic folds in the center of the dome were well developed, as well as ‘S-type’, ‘Z-type’ folds and ‘A-type’ recumbent folds. Superposed folds were developed in the periphery of the dome structure, which reflected that the orogenic zone was subjected to SN and EW biaxial compression in the early stage. Rongxuka dome has mainly underwent SN and EW biaxial compression in Indo-Chinese epoch or late Triassic. The time limited for the magma intruding upward to form the dome was (214.4±1.2) Ma. After the dome was formed, it went through the stages of extrusion nappe and stress relaxation. Owing to the rapid tectonic uplift of the southeastern margin of Tibetan Plateau during the early Miocene(17~10 Ma), the NW-SE sinistral strike slip faults of Xianshuihe were formed, which contributed to a series of NNW ductile and brittle fractured shear zones in Rongxuka area.
2019 Vol. 6 (3): 37-46 [Abstract] ( 398 ) RICH HTML PDF (8778 KB)  ( 223 )
47 Discovery and significance of Suxiong Formation ancient volcanic apparatus in Xiaoxiangling area of western Yangtze Block
YAN Shengwu, WU Wenxiang, LI Xiaoping, YANG Hui, MA Jiyue, XIONG Fuhao
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2019.03.06
The detailed geological survey shows that Suxiong Formation in Xiaoxiangling area of western Yangtze Block, consists of thick acid-intermediate acid lavas, volcaniclastic rocks and a small amount of basic lavas. And for the first time, four ancient volcanic apparatuses were found on both sides of the ridge of Xiaoxiangling Mountain. The volcanic apparatus in Yangnuo Snow mountain is the most grand, typical and complete sight and consists of volcanic neck facies, effusive facies, explosive facies and volcanic sedimentary facies. Systematic study of geological profile revealed that there were two eruption cycles, including fifteen volcanic rhythms, and there was a distinct period of volcanic intermission between these two eruption cycles. The discovery of these ancient volcanic apparatuses in Xiaoxiangling area can be used for further determination of volcanic eruption pattern and construction feature of Suxiong Formation. And this discovery can be also of significant importance to the study of the source of acidic volcanic rocks of Suxiong Formation and intracontinental riftimg in Neoproterozoic Era.
2019 Vol. 6 (3): 47-55 [Abstract] ( 365 ) RICH HTML PDF (12135 KB)  ( 165 )
56 Mesozoic tectonic characteristics and its restriction on mineralization in northern Lüliang Mountain of Shanxi Province
SUN Silei, ZHANG Zhaoqi
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2019.03.07
In order to further study the Mesozoic tectonic characteristics and its restrictions on mineralization in northern Lüliang Mountain of Shanxi Province, using the digital mapping method, the authors conducted 1:250 000 regional geological survey in Pianguan County. Several large Mesozoic tectonic belts were found and their spatial distribution, properties, fault assemblage and kinematics characteristics were also investigated. It has been verified that Mesozoic period is the most important polymetallic metallogenic period and the mineralization was closely related to the Mesozoic magma with restriction by the NE concealed structures. Large flexure structures are the sign of strong uplift of the Earth’s crust. All the large tectonic belts in this area were formed by superimposing faults on the basis of flexure structures. This research can be of significant importance to the study of evolution and development of Mesozoic and Cenozoic structures.
2019 Vol. 6 (3): 56-62 [Abstract] ( 312 ) RICH HTML PDF (7758 KB)  ( 298 )
63 Analysis of mechanical and acoustic emission characteristics of hole-fracture defective rocks
HAO Yankui, NIE Xin
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2019.03.08
Based on the PFC2D discrete element software, different defective rocks were established firstly, and then the mechanical properties and acoustic emission characteristics of intact rocks, single hole defect rocks, single fracture defect rocks and single hole-single fracture defect rocks were explored. The research results show that the mechanical properties of the rocks with different defects are different. When the area of the defect is the same, the effect of the fracture on the mechanical properties is greater than the effect of the hole. The existence of holes and fractures has changed the characteristics of rock acoustic emission. The detailed changes are in the maximum hits strength (number), the number of hits peaks of acoustic emission, and the strain range of intensive acoustic emission hits. Besides, the effect of rocks with single fracture on acoustic emission characteristics is greater than that with single hole under the same defective area.
2019 Vol. 6 (3): 63-67 [Abstract] ( 354 ) RICH HTML PDF (4056 KB)  ( 334 )
68 Development and research status of numerical simulation on the groundwater of bedrock islands
WANG Daqing, XU Haoli, DENG Zhengdong, DING Zhibin, NI Borui, ZHOU Zelin, ZHAO Xiaolan
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2019.03.09
Bedrock islands account for more than 90% of China’s islands, and the fresh water resources on the islands are very precious. Currently, the islands’ water supply (shipping, rainwater collection, seawater desalination, etc.) has disadvantages of high costs and the equipment on the islands damages easily. Therefore, the islands’ groundwater resources are undoubtedly high-quality, reliable and stable water supply. In order to better develop the groundwater resources of bedrock islands, the authors reviewed the groundwater simulation of bedrock islands from the aspects of groundwater theory, groundwater simulation research status at home and abroad, simulation model and so on. It was concluded that the groundwater in bedrock islands is mostly stored in the form of “fresh water mushroom body”, which is different from sandy islands. The simulation model should be generalized as transverse isotropic darcy flow or non-darcy flow, or a coupling model of these two models, and its corresponding motion equation of groundwater flow was concluded. The groundwater simulation model of bedrock islands can be divided into three types: pore type, fissure type and pore-fissure type. In the setting of island boundary, bedrock coast should be set as confining boundary and sandy coast as constant head boundary. This review shows that researches on groundwater simulation of bedrock islands should be as refined and complete as possible, to accurately depict the geology and landform of bedrock islands and set a complete complement for island drainage. During the simulation, the groundwater types of bedrock islands should be exactly matched with the simulation methods and software. Model verification is also very important, which needs to be compared with island water balance, measured water amount and water level for many times, and the model needs to be improved constantly. The above achievements could provide theoretical basis for the groundwater numerical simulation of bedrock islands.
2019 Vol. 6 (3): 68-74 [Abstract] ( 351 ) RICH HTML PDF (1139 KB)  ( 239 )
75 Research of surface sea water quality in the central Svalbard Islands of Arctic Region
LI Haiyuan
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2019.03.10
The first hand data of Arctic Ocean water quality and region distribution are crucial for the Arctic expedition. During the process of taking part in the sub-task of National Youth Arctic Expedition, the author investigated the characters of surface sea water, including its quality, region difference and control factors in central Svalbard Islands of Arctic Region in the summer of 2017. 40 sampling sites were selected in 6 areas to collect the surface water samples, and temperature, pH, EC (electrical conductivity), PSU (practical salinity units), DO (dissolved oxygen) and TDS (total dissolved solids) were tested to analyze the water quality. The results show that there are big differences in temperature, EC, PSU, DO and TDS among the samples in these 6 areas, while the difference in pH is notbig. The northern ice region has the lowest water temperature, the lowest TDS and relatively higher DO. The northwestern bay has the highest DO. The central channel has the highest TDS value and the lowest PSU and EC. The southern area has the highest surface sea water temperature with highest PSU and EC and lowest DO. The eastern coast has relatively low water temperature. The author concluded that sampling location, ocean currents and topography of the areas have effects on the surface water quality. These achievements are of significant importance to the supply of first hand data of Arctic Ocean.
2019 Vol. 6 (3): 75-80 [Abstract] ( 368 ) RICH HTML PDF (2880 KB)  ( 293 )
81 Influencing factors of constant-temperature layer depth and its estimation in Shaanxi Province
ZHOU Yang, ZHANG Hui, JIANG Xingchen, XU Zerun, WANG Ke, MU Genxu
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2019.03.11
The prediction of the constant-temperature layer depth is closely related to geothermal energy development and underground space construction. Progress of research on regional constant-temperature layer in Shaanxi Province is relatively slow. This paper discusses the influencing factors of the constant-temperature layer depth and the results show that there is an inverse correlation between the thermal conductivity and the constant-temperature layer depth. And the surface heat transfer coefficient between the surface and the atmosphere is positively correlated with the constant-temperature layer depth. Besides, the annual amplitude of the atmospheric temperature is positively correlated with the constant-temperature layer depth. The thermal conductivity coefficient and the constant-temperature layer depth showed a significant positive correlation. This paper describes and validates a method for calculating the constant-temperature layer depth. And the authors calculated the theoretical value of constant-temperature layer depth for different geomorphic units by using this method. The constant-temperature layer depth is between 10.5 m and 23.8 m for the whole province and is between 10.5 m and 23.8 m in northern Shaanxi Province, with 11~17.4 m in Guanzhong Basin and 11.7~18.6 m in southern Shaanxi Province. The depth range of the regional constant-temperature layer in Shaanxi Province has been systematically divided in this research and this paper has contributed to the implementation of Shaanxi’s “Green” Catch-up and Transcendent policies.
2019 Vol. 6 (3): 81-86 [Abstract] ( 379 ) RICH HTML PDF (2260 KB)  ( 234 )
87 Exploitation and utilization of groundwater and potential water source analysis of Fengpei Plain area
JING Jiajun, GUAN Zhen, SHAN Yuyang, JING Jiayuan
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2019.03.12
By summarizing hydrogeological conditions and characteristics of Fengpei Plain area, the authors has analyzed the exploitation and utilization conditions of groundwater and potential water source. And the available resources of karst water in Huaqi uplift were calculated and the feasibility of karst water utilization was discussed. The results show that the main groundwater level in the study area is middle and upper Pleistocene pore aquifer and Neogene-Lower Pleistocene pore aquifer, which have already formed two super large funnel areas of Chengguan of Fengxian-Sunlou-Changdian and Peixian-Longgu, with the total area exceeding 750 km2 , causing large ground subsidence area. Huaqi uplift is the karst water-rich area, with the total recoverable resources of 667.51×104 m3/a. This area can be regarded as potential water source area for further groundwater exploitation. Excess exploitation of karst water can cause problems such as land subsidence, karst ground collapse, so long-term monitoring of karst water exploitation in the future and reasonable usage of groundwater are necessary. The karst water in Huaqi uplift is close to the urban area with large volume and good quality, and it is relatively easy to develop, which means it has considerable economic value.
2019 Vol. 6 (3): 87-91 [Abstract] ( 357 ) RICH HTML PDF (1423 KB)  ( 345 )
92 Application of comprehensive geophysical methods in gold deposits prospecting in Xizhangying area of Mingguang City in Anhui Province
DENG Jingyong
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2019.03.13
The geological conditions in Xizhangyong area of Zhangbaling zone are complex. In order to find out the stratum distributions and structure conditions, based on the regional gravity and magnetic data, the author inferred the regional fault structure distribution, and studied the distribution range and morphological characteristics of rock mass in the area. In order to investigate the Au-Ag-bearing quartz keratophyre veins in the structural belt of Xileng Formation of Zhangbaling Group in this area, the author processed the magnetic anomaly data measured on the ground to extract comprehensive geophysical anomalies favorable for prospecting target areas, using the IP mid-elevator, gravity-magnetic profile and high-power IP sounding surveys. Combined with the interpreted characteristics of comprehensive geophysical anomalies, the results showed that synthetical geophysical anomalies in the area were caused by the veins intruding into Laosanjie-Guandian NW syncline structure in Xileng Formation of Zhangbaling Group. The lithology in the area was mainly quartz keratophyre in Xileng Formation of Zhangbaling Group, which was the main basis for searching for gold-silver-bearing quartz veins in Zhangbaling Group. This study provides a reference for deep prospecting, peripheral prospecting and primary selection of prospecting targets in Xizhangying area.
2019 Vol. 6 (3): 92-98 [Abstract] ( 363 ) RICH HTML PDF (5238 KB)  ( 223 )
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